doityourselfchristmas.com - User contributions [en]

Glossary

2015-04-29T20:42:03Z

Dmcole: /* U */

__NOTOC__

[[#A |A]] [[#B | B]] [[#C | C]] [[#D | D]] [[#E | E]] [[#F | F]] [[#G | G]] [[#H | H]] [[#I | I]] [[#J | J]] [[#K | K]] [[#L | L]] [[#M | M]] [[#N | N]] [[#O | O]] [[#P | P]] [[#Q | Q]] [[#R | R]] [[#S | S]] [[#T | T]] [[#U | U]] [[#V | V]] [[#W | W]] [[#X | X]] [[#Y | Y]] [[#Z | Z]]

==A==
;Amp : Ampere. The basic unit of electrical current. Applying one volt across a one ohm resistor will cause a current of one ampere to flow. The letter 'I' is used to denote current.

;Anode : A positive electrode of an electrochemical device (such as a primary or secondary electric cell) toward which the negative ions are drawn. The semiconductor-diode terminal that is positive with respect to the other terminal when the diode is biased in the forward direction.

;Audacity : An open source (both free to use and source code freely distributed) digital audio manipulation application. It is available for Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and BSD. It can record audio, provide editing functions for shortening the length of audio files or handle mixing, spectrum analysis or change in pitch and/or speed. It imports and exports WAV, AIFF, MP3, FLAC and — with plugins — WMA, AAC, AMR and AC3. With certain plug-ins it can be used to export beats of a piece of music that can be imported into certain sequencing software. It is available at http://audacity.sourceforge.net/ and instructions are at http://wiki.audacityteam.org/.

;AWG : American Wire Gauge. The standards adopted in the United States for the measurement of wire sizes. [http://www.powerstream.com/Wire_Size.htm AWG Chart]
 

==B==

;Base : The region between the emitter and collector of a transistor that receives minority carriers injected from the emitter. The element in a transistor that controls the flow of current carriers. It is the element that corresponds to the control grid of an electron tube.

;Baud : A measurement of data transmission speed based on the number of code elements or units per second.

;BNC : Bayonet Nut Connection. A type of connector typically used on coaxial cables.

;BOM : Bill of Material. A listing all the parts required to assemble a project or to populate a circuit board.

 

==C==

;Capacitor : An electrical component that stores an electric charge and releases it when its needed.

;Cathode : The general name for any negative electrode. The negative terminal of a forward-biased semiconductor diode, which is the source of the electrons.

;Center Tap : A connection made to a point half way along a winding of a transformer or inductor, or along the element of a resistor or a potentiometer.

;Channel : In DIYC, a channel refers to an individual line that can be independently controlled. As an example, the Grinch can control 64 channels, that is 64 independent lines that it can control.

;COOP : A co-operative effort by participating DIYC members to pool their resources together to make a purchase of an item(s) in large quantity in an attempt to reduce the cost to the individual participants.

;Coop Olsen 595 : This light controller is based on the Olsen 595 design. It is a 64 channel controller with basic ON/OFF capabilities. Normally gets its input from the parallel port of the controlling computer. On-board status LED for each channel. Developed by Brian Bresocnik (Macrosill). More info [[64 Channel Olsen 595 Controller Assembly Instructions | here]]. AKA - Brian's Olsen 595 board.

;COOP SSR : A DIYC design for a SSR PCB. Contains circuitry equal to four separate solid state relays. Provides independent control of four channels of lights. Designed by Sean Bowf. AKA - Sean's SSR.

;Coaxial Cable : A cable with one conductor completely surrounded by another conductor, separated by a dielectric. The two conductors being coaxial. Some types of coax cables use multiple conductors surrounding each other. Normally only the inner conductor carries a signal. The outer conductors [Braid] are used as a shield, or grounded. Coaxial Cable is normally used in RF transmission. The term Coaxial is normally shortened to Coax. Types of Coaxial Cable include: RG-6, RG-8, RG-11, RG-58, RG-59.

;Collector : The electrode in a transistor through which a primary flow of carriers leaves the region between the electrodes.

;Continuity : An uninterrupted, complete path for current flow. When checking for continuity you are usually looking for a short.

;Current : The movement of electrons past a reference point. The passage of electrons through a conductor. Measured in amperes.
 

==D==

;dB : decibel. A unit of relative sound or radio transmission intensity.

;Decoupling capacitor : A capacitor that is included in circuits with integrated circuits to insure that overall circuit voltage doesn't dip or spike elsewhere in the circuit due to the demands of the integrated circuit. When the integrated circuit needs a burst of energy, the decoupling capacitor provides the needed energy without causing a drop in the voltage for the rest of the circuit.

;Dielectric : An insulating (nonconducting) medium. A substance in which an electric field may be maintained with zero or near-zero power dissipation, i.e., the electrical conductivity is zero or near zero. An insulator; a term applied to the insulating material between the plates of a capacitor.

;Diode : An electrical device that will allow current to pass in only one direction. Consists of a cathode and an anode. A two-terminal semiconductor device used chiefly as a rectifier.

;DIP : Dual In-line Package. An IC package having two parallel rows of leads. Sometimes called "through-hole package," because holes are drilled in the PC boards and the package is soldered to the board on the side opposite the package.

;Dipole : A basic radio antenna that consists of two elements, each of equal length. The length of the elements is an algorithmic function of the frequency over which the broadcast is being made.

;DIYC : [http://www.doityourselfchristmas.com/| Do It Yourself Christmas.com].

;DMX (or DMX512) : Digital Multiplex. A lighting control protocol standard developed to handle communications between commercial (usually entertainment, such as theater or music events) lighting control boards and the individual devices, such as lekos (elliposoidals), fresnels, moving lights, strip lights or DJ effect lights. DMX allows up to 512 devices to be attached, daisy-chain, to one wire, each controlled individually. More information on DMX is available [[DMX | here]].
 

==E==
;Electrode : The terminal at which electricity passes from one medium into another, such as in an electrical cell where the current leaves or returns to the electrolyte.

;Electrolyte : A solution of a substance that is capable of conducting electricity. An electrolyte may be in the form of either a liquid or a paste.

;Electrolytic Capacitor : A capacitor that normally uses two aluminum foils separated by an insulating paper. The paper and foils are rolled and impregnated with a liquid electrolyte. Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors are polarized, and may be used DC circuits.

;Electrostatic Discharge Sensitive (ESDS) : The level of susceptibility of devices to damage by static electricity, found by classification testing, is used as the basis for assigning an ESDS class. Electronic parts having sensitive characteristics (e.g., thin-layered internal composition) and delicate, miniaturized construction which are susceptible to damage or degradation, in various degrees, from environmental field forces (electrostatic, electromagnetic, magnetic, or radioactive). This susceptibility also extends to the standard electronic modules, printed circuit boards, printed wiring boards, and circuit card assemblies containing one or more of these sensitive electronic parts.

;Emitter : The element in a transistor that emits current carriers (electrons or holes).

;Energized : Electrically connected to a source of potential difference, or electrically charged so as to have a potential significantly different from that of earth in the vicinity. A "live" circuit.

;ESD : Electrostatic Discharge. More info on ESD is available [http://www.interfacebus.com/glossary-of-terms-esd-definition.html here].
 

==F==

;Farad : The basic unit of capacitance. A capacitor has a capacitance of 1 farad when a voltage potential of 1 volt across it produces a charge of 1 coulomb. Most capacitors used on DIYC boards are in the microfarad (labeled mF or uF) or picofarad (labeled pF) range.

;FCC : The Federal Communications Commission. The FCC was established by the Communications Act of 1934 and is charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire (telegraph, telephone), satellite and cable.

;FET : Field-Effect Transistor. A transistor consisting of a source, a gate, and a drain. Current flow is controlled by the transverse electric field under the gate.

;Firmware : A set of instructions (software program) installed into a microprocessor. It provides the necessary instructions for how the device is supposed to operate.

;Flux : A solution or paste that removes surface oxides from metals being soldered.

;Full-Wave Rectifier : A circuit that uses both positive and negative alternations in an alternating current to produce direct current; it changes alternating current to direct current.

;Fuse : A device that has as its critical component a metal wire or strip that will melt when heated by a prescribed (design) amperage, creating an open in the circuit of which it is a part, thereby protecting the circuit from an over current condition. It protects wiring from over-heating and causing fire.
 

==G==

;GFCI : Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter. An electrical safety device installed in a power panel, sub-panel or outlet box that instantly shuts off the electricity when there is an imbalance in the flow of electricity from hot to neutral. This imbalance can indicate that that an individual is getting an electrical shock. A GFCI should be used in all outdoor high-voltage environments (regular household current) and the device should be tested on a regular basis.

;GRINCH : A 64 channel controller with basic ON/OFF capabilities. Normally gets its input from the parallel port of the controlling computer. No status LEDs, inexpensive/simple to build. Developed by Robert Jordan (RJ). More info [[The GRINCH Controller | here]].

;Ground : The point in a circuit used as a common reference point for measuring purposes. To connect some point of an electrical circuit or some item of electrical equipment to earth or to the conducting medium used in lieu thereof.
 

==H==

;Half-Wave Rectifier : A rectifier using only one-half of each cycle to change AC to pulsating DC.

;Heat Shunt : A device (preferably a clip-on type) used to absorb heat and protect heat-sensitive components during soldering.

;Heat Sink : A piece of metal attached to an electronic component (such as triac, transistor, or voltage regulator) that serves to dissipate or absorb unwanted heat. Many electronics components have two ratings, a lower one when a heat sink is not used and a higher one where a heat sink is in place. Also called a dissipator.
 

==I==

;Inductance : The property of a circuit that tends to oppose a change in the existing current flow. The symbol for inductance is L.

;Induction : The act or process of producing voltage and current by the relative motion of a magnetic field across a conductor.

;Insulated : Separated from other conducting surfaces by a dielectric (including air space) offering a high resistance to the passage of current. Note: When any object is said to be insulated, it is understood to be insulated for the conditions to which it is normally subjected. Otherwise, it is, uninsulated.

;Insulation : A material used to prevent the leakage of electricity from a conductor and to provide mechanical spacing or support as protection against accidental contact with the conductor.

;Insulation Resistance : The resistance offered by an insulating material to current leakage.

;Insulator : Material of such low conductivity that the flow of current through it can usually be neglected. A device having high electrical resistance; used for supporting or separating conductors so as to prevent undesired flow of current from the conductors to other objects.

;Integrated Circuit (IC) : A circuit in which many elements are fabricated and interconnected by a single process (into a single chip), as opposed to a "nonintegrated" circuit in which the transistors, diodes, resistors, and other components are fabricated separately and then assembled. Elements inseparably associated and formed on or within a single substrate.

;Inverter : A circuit with one input and one output. Its function is to invert or reverse the input. When the input is high, the output is low, and vice versa. The inverter is sometimes called a NOT circuit, since it produces the reverse of the input.
 

==J==

;Jumper : A short length of wire used to complete a circuit.
 

==K==

 
==L==

;LED : Light Emitting Diode. A solid-state, semiconductor device that converts electrical energy directly into light. LEDs show up in Christmas lighting in two contexts: the first is as a power or signal indicator in controllers or SSRs, while the second is their use as a substitute for incandescent lamps. LED Christmas light strings use about one-tenth the energy of an incandescent lamp and have a crystal-clear color brightness that incandescents cannot achieve.
 

==M==

;Microcontroller : A computer-on-a-chip that emphasizes high integration, low power consumption, self-sufficiency and relatively low cost. Typically, a microcontroller has flash-type read-write memory allowing a programming station (usually called a PIC programmer) to enter in task-specific programs, which can be written in programming languages such as C, C++, BASIC or even in assembly code (which, of course, is the most efficient).

;Mini-lights : Incandescent bulbs that are about 7/32nds of an inch in diameter, they come in strings as short as 35 bulbs and as long as 400 bulbs. Officially known as the T1-3/4, the strings are wired in series and parallel, usually in 50-bulb groups (the 50 bulbs are in series which are then wired parallel to the others, making 100-, 150-, 200-, 250-, 300-, 350- or 400-bulb strings). Pretty universally, strings that are grouped by 50 bulbs can be cut down to 50-bulb strings. Mini-lights that are grouped by 50s use 2.5-volt, 170 mA bulbs, while 35-bulb strings use 3.5-volt bulbs. Mini-light bulbs are traditionally painted with a transparent paint, which can under severe or extended weather begin to chip or fade.

;MOC3023 : A 6-Pin DIP 400V Random Phase Triac Driver Output Optocoupler. It provides both triac driver and optoisolator services in one package.

;MOSFET : A semiconductor device that contains diffused source and drain regions on either side of a P- or N-channel area. Also contains a gate insulated from the channel area by silicon-oxide. Operates in either the depletion or the enhancement mode.

;MOV : Metal Oxide Varistor. A resistor that changes value with applied voltage. A varistor may also be called a VDR [Voltage Dependent Resistor]. Varistors will have a negative voltage coefficient. MOV devices are used in parallel with the load.

;Multimeter : A single meter combining the functions of an ammeter, a voltmeter, and an ohmmeter.
 

==N==

;NPN : A type of transistor; it is formed by introducing a thin region of P-type material between two regions of N-type material.
 

==O==

;Ohm : The unit of electrical resistance. That value of electrical resistance through which a constant potential difference of 1 volt across the resistance will maintain a current flow of 1 ampere through the resistance.

;Ohm's Law : The current in an electrical circuit is directly proportional to the electromotive force in the circuit. The most common form of the law is E = IR, where E is the electromotive force or voltage across the circuit, I is the current flowing in the circuit, and R is the resistance of the circuit.

;Olsen 595 : This is a popular light controller based on an approach first popularized on the [http://computerchristmas.com ComputerChristmas] and/or [http://planetchristmas.com PlanetChristmas] forums by Peter Olsen. In its first incarnation it used 8-bit 74HC595 logic chips, often with external buffers. More info on the original Olsen 595 design can be found [http://computerchristmas.com/christmas/link-how_to/HowToId-25/Build_a_1024_Port_Controller_for_100 here].

;Open or Open Circuit : The condition of an electrical circuit caused by the breaking of continuity of one or more conductors of the circuit; usually an undesired condition. A circuit that does not provide a complete path for the flow of current.

;Optoisolator (opto, optocoupler) : A semiconductor device that allows signals to be transferred between circuits or systems, while keeping those circuits or systems electrically isolated from each other. In its simplest form, an optoisolator consists of an light-emitting diode (LED), IRED (infrared-emitting diode), or laser diode for signal transmission, and a photosensor for signal reception.

;Oscillator : A device that produces electrical oscillations at a frequency determined by its unique physical characteristics.
 

==P==

;Parallel Port : A port through which two or more data bits are passed simultaneously, such as all the bits of an 8-bit byte, and that requires as many input channels as the number of bits that are to be handled simultaneously. Typically found on a computer and used as the printer port.

;PCB : Printed Circuit Board. An electronics board that contains layers of circuitry that connect the various components of a system. A PCB can be mass manufactured or can be "home etched," where a hobbyist transfers the design of the PCB to a copper-clad board, uses caustic chemicals to etch away the areas not needed and then drills the holes him or herself.

;PIC : A registered trademark name for microcontrollers produced by Microchip Technology Inc. At DIYC, PIC has become a generic term for microcontrollers.

;Pixel : A term traditionally used in computer graphics to identify a picture element, it has been adapted by the Christmas-lights community to refer to a tri-color (red-green-blue) LED that has an internal controller and is manufactured as a string, a strip (either rigid or flexible) or as modules. Pixels require three channels of sequencing software each, so 10 pixels are 30 channels and 50 pixels are 150 channels. Pixels can be based on any of a variety of controllers, including the TM18xx series, the LPD-6803, the WS2801, the 3001 and the GE ColorEffects chips. Further, pixels can be driven at either 5-volts or 12-volts DC and can have a variety of color orders. For strings, strips or modules of pixels to interoperate, they must have the same controller chip, the same voltage and the same color order (which usually means they must have the exact same manufacturer).

;Polarity : The condition in an electrical circuit by which the direction of the flow of current can be determined. Usually applied to batteries and other direct voltage sources. Two opposite charges, one positive and one negative.

;Potentiometer : A variable resistor having a terminal connected to each end of a resistive element and a third terminal connected to a wiper contact. The output is a voltage that is variable depending upon the position of the wiper contact.

;Power : The rate of doing work or the rate of expending energy. The unit of electrical power is the watt.

;Programmer : A device that connects a personal computer to a microcontroller. Used to download software (firmware) from the PC to the microcontroller.

;Protocol : A formal set of conventions governing the format and control of interaction between the computer and attached hardware.

;Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) : Pulse modulation in which the duration of the pulses is varied by the modulating voltage. A useful technique for dimming lights.
 

==Q==

 

==R==

;Regulator : The section in a basic power supply that maintains the output of the power supply at a constant level in spite of large changes in load current or input line voltage.

;Relay : An electromagnetic device with one or more sets of contacts that change position by the magnetic attraction of a coil to an armature.

;Renard : A unique serial communication protocol developed solely for allowing Vixen to communicate to DIYC light controllers. Also applies to the dimming firmware used by many DIYC light controllers.

;Resistance : The opposition a device or material offers to the flow of current. The effect of resistance is to raise the temperature of the material or device carrying the current. A resistance of 1 ohm will allow a current of 1 ampere to flow through it when a potential of 1 volt is applied.

;Resistor : An electrical component that offers resistance to the flow of current. It may be a coil of fine wire or a composition rod.

;RJ-45 (or RJ45) : Registered Jack 45. A data plug or jack standard that allows for the connection of eight wires. It is similar to the modular plug on telephones (which are usually RJ11), though bigger. It is commonly used in Ethernet cabling and so its components (cable, female connectors, male connectors) are readily available and inexpensive.

;RoHS : Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive. A directive by the European Union that is designed to keep harmful chemicals and materials to a minimum. It is used by electronics manufacturers to denote components that meet the EU requirements.

;RS232 : A telecommunications protocol, Recommended Standard 232 was originally designed to connect teletypes with modems; it has survived to this day as the way computer serial ports send out data. RS232 is implemented in a variety of connectors, but is most commonly seen in the DB9 and DB25 devices. It uses nine wires and supports transmitted data, received data, request to send, carrier detect and ring indicator. It is used in Christmas lights by as the physical layer between PC serial ports and Christmas lights controllers.

;RS485 : A telecommunications protocol, Recommended Standard 485 is typically used in building automation, the programming of logic controllers, sound system control, lighting control and video surveillance camera control. It is a two-wire system that uses a differential form of signaling that supports the transmission of data packets. It can be used over a long distance and supports multi-point connections. It is used in Christmas lights as a distribution system for light controllers signaling devices, sometimes using the DMX512 protocol.
 

==S==

;Schematic : A diagram which shows, by means of graphic symbols, the electrical connections and functions of a specific circuit arrangement.

;Short Circuit : An unintentional current path between two components in a circuit or between a component and ground; usually caused by a circuit malfunction.

;Shunt : A term used interchangeably with jumper. A device used to connect two pins and "jumper" them together.

;Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) : A semiconductor device that functions as an electrically controlled switch.

;Silk Screen : The printed information on a PCB. Typcially yellow or white, it outlines the components and shows the part reference numbers.

;Sink Current : An integrated circuit sinks current when current is flowing from a load [another device] into the circuits output. This is considered negative current to the IC. Basically happens when the integrated circuit output goes to ground [low].

;SMT (or SMD) : Surface mount technology (surface mount device). A method of mounting integrated circuits, microcontrollers and other electronics on printed circuit boards. The method mounts the devices on the top of a PC board rather than using holes through the board. Compare this with DIP.

;SNR : Signal to Noise Ratio. A measure of signal strength relative to background noise.

;Source Current : An integrated circuit sources current when current is flowing from the IC into another device [Load]. Source-ing current is considered to be positive current flow from the ICs prospective. Source current is the opposite to Sink Current.

;SPT(1-3) : Service Parallel Thermoplastic. Commonly referred to as zip cord. There is SPT1, SPT2, and SPT3. The number refers to the thickness of the insulation in 64ths of an inch. SPT1 is often called lamp cord. SPT1 usually has 18 gauge wire. SPT2 is commonly available in 16 or 18 gauge. SPT3 is available as large as 10 gauge.

;SSR: Solid State Relay. An electronic switch, which, unlike an electromechanical relay, contains no moving parts.
:'''DIYC definition'''
::Generally refers to a PCB that contains the circuitry that acts like four separate solid state relays. It receives data from the controller board and uses that information to control the power going to the attached lights. The key components of a DIYC SSR are the Optocoupler and the Triac. More information on SSRs can be found [[Solid State Relays | here]].

;SSROZ : Solid State Relay from Oz. A DIYC design for a SSR PCB. Contains circuitry equal to four separate solid state relays. Provides independent control of four channels of lights. Designed by John Wilson (wjohn).

;SWR : Standing Wave Ratio. The ratio of the maximum (voltage, current) to the minimum (voltage, current) points of a transmission line. Indicates the impedance matching quality of the termination of the line.
 

==T==

;Tinning : The process of applying a thin coat of solder to materials prior to their being soldered; for example, application of a light coat of solder to the filaments of a conductor to hold the filaments in place prior to soldering of the conductor.

;Transformer : A device composed of two or more coils, linked by magnetic lines of force, used to transfer energy from one circuit to another.

;Transistor : A basic solid-state semiconductor that has three terminals and can be used for amplification, switching and/or detection.

;Triac : TRIode for Alternating Current. This is an electronic component approximately equivalent to two silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs/thyristors) joined in inverse parallel (paralleled but with the polarity reversed) and with their gates connected together. This results in a bidirectional electronic switch which can conduct current in either direction when it is triggered (turned on).

;Twisted Pair : A line consisting of two insulated wires twisted together to form a flexible line without the use of spacers.
 

==U==

;ULN2803 : An array of eight Darlington transistors (which themselves are arrays of two transistors) that amplify current. Often used in Christmas lights as devices to increase the current coming from a microcontroller to an SSR so that there is enough power to turn on (or off) the SSR.

;Universe : A collection of 512 channels of lighting control. Based on the [[#D | DMX-512]] standard, it is the output of a single USB-DMX device, such as an Enttec Pro, Enttec Open, Lynx USB-DMX Dongle or an RPM USB-DMX Dongle. The word was coined when stage-lighting consoles needed to expand beyond 512-channel output; the output ports on the consoles were given the name. Also see [[DMX | this]].

;USB : Universal Serial Bus, a computer bus which provides two-way communication between the PC and peripheral devices, over a differential 4-wire serial interface cable.
 

==V==

;Via : A plated-thru hole in a printed circuit board. A via may may exist between one or more adjacent board layers, or through the entire board. A blind via runs vertically between the top [or bottom] side and through one or more adjacent board layers, but not through the entire board.

;Voltage : The term used to signify electrical pressure. Voltage is a force that causes current to flow through an electrical conductor. The voltage of a circuit is the greatest effective difference of potential between any two conductors of the circuit.

;Voltage Drop : The difference in voltage between two points. It is the result of the loss of electrical pressure as a current flows through a resistance.

;Voltage regulator : An electronic device designed to take a higher voltage and make it conform to a specific lower voltage. Provide a 5-volt regulator with 12 volts as an input and it will put out a steady 5 volts; provide a 12-volt regulator with 14.5 volts and it will output a steady 12 volts. While some regulators are designed for specific voltages, others can provide a range of voltages depending upon resistance applied; variable voltage regulators can be controlled by potentiometers (i.e.: volume control), so that you can turn a knob and get various voltages depending on where the knob is.
 

==W==

;Watt : The unit of electrical power that is the product of voltage and current.
 

==X==

;XLR Connector : A shielded 5-conductor plug/jack used for DMX connections. Also can be a 3-conductor plug generally used for microphones.

;XTAL : Short for crystal.
 

==Y==
 

==Z==

;Zener Diode : A PN-junction diode designed to operate in the reverse-bias breakdown region. It is designed to conduct in the reverse [bias] direction: with a precise breakdown voltage [Vz].
;Zero Crossing : In alternating current, the zero crossing is the instantaneous point at which there is no voltage present. In a sine wave or other simple waveform, this normally occurs twice during each cycle.

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Glossary

2015-04-29T20:41:05Z

Dmcole: /* U */

__NOTOC__

[[#A |A]] [[#B | B]] [[#C | C]] [[#D | D]] [[#E | E]] [[#F | F]] [[#G | G]] [[#H | H]] [[#I | I]] [[#J | J]] [[#K | K]] [[#L | L]] [[#M | M]] [[#N | N]] [[#O | O]] [[#P | P]] [[#Q | Q]] [[#R | R]] [[#S | S]] [[#T | T]] [[#U | U]] [[#V | V]] [[#W | W]] [[#X | X]] [[#Y | Y]] [[#Z | Z]]

==A==
;Amp : Ampere. The basic unit of electrical current. Applying one volt across a one ohm resistor will cause a current of one ampere to flow. The letter 'I' is used to denote current.

;Anode : A positive electrode of an electrochemical device (such as a primary or secondary electric cell) toward which the negative ions are drawn. The semiconductor-diode terminal that is positive with respect to the other terminal when the diode is biased in the forward direction.

;Audacity : An open source (both free to use and source code freely distributed) digital audio manipulation application. It is available for Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and BSD. It can record audio, provide editing functions for shortening the length of audio files or handle mixing, spectrum analysis or change in pitch and/or speed. It imports and exports WAV, AIFF, MP3, FLAC and — with plugins — WMA, AAC, AMR and AC3. With certain plug-ins it can be used to export beats of a piece of music that can be imported into certain sequencing software. It is available at http://audacity.sourceforge.net/ and instructions are at http://wiki.audacityteam.org/.

;AWG : American Wire Gauge. The standards adopted in the United States for the measurement of wire sizes. [http://www.powerstream.com/Wire_Size.htm AWG Chart]
 

==B==

;Base : The region between the emitter and collector of a transistor that receives minority carriers injected from the emitter. The element in a transistor that controls the flow of current carriers. It is the element that corresponds to the control grid of an electron tube.

;Baud : A measurement of data transmission speed based on the number of code elements or units per second.

;BNC : Bayonet Nut Connection. A type of connector typically used on coaxial cables.

;BOM : Bill of Material. A listing all the parts required to assemble a project or to populate a circuit board.

 

==C==

;Capacitor : An electrical component that stores an electric charge and releases it when its needed.

;Cathode : The general name for any negative electrode. The negative terminal of a forward-biased semiconductor diode, which is the source of the electrons.

;Center Tap : A connection made to a point half way along a winding of a transformer or inductor, or along the element of a resistor or a potentiometer.

;Channel : In DIYC, a channel refers to an individual line that can be independently controlled. As an example, the Grinch can control 64 channels, that is 64 independent lines that it can control.

;COOP : A co-operative effort by participating DIYC members to pool their resources together to make a purchase of an item(s) in large quantity in an attempt to reduce the cost to the individual participants.

;Coop Olsen 595 : This light controller is based on the Olsen 595 design. It is a 64 channel controller with basic ON/OFF capabilities. Normally gets its input from the parallel port of the controlling computer. On-board status LED for each channel. Developed by Brian Bresocnik (Macrosill). More info [[64 Channel Olsen 595 Controller Assembly Instructions | here]]. AKA - Brian's Olsen 595 board.

;COOP SSR : A DIYC design for a SSR PCB. Contains circuitry equal to four separate solid state relays. Provides independent control of four channels of lights. Designed by Sean Bowf. AKA - Sean's SSR.

;Coaxial Cable : A cable with one conductor completely surrounded by another conductor, separated by a dielectric. The two conductors being coaxial. Some types of coax cables use multiple conductors surrounding each other. Normally only the inner conductor carries a signal. The outer conductors [Braid] are used as a shield, or grounded. Coaxial Cable is normally used in RF transmission. The term Coaxial is normally shortened to Coax. Types of Coaxial Cable include: RG-6, RG-8, RG-11, RG-58, RG-59.

;Collector : The electrode in a transistor through which a primary flow of carriers leaves the region between the electrodes.

;Continuity : An uninterrupted, complete path for current flow. When checking for continuity you are usually looking for a short.

;Current : The movement of electrons past a reference point. The passage of electrons through a conductor. Measured in amperes.
 

==D==

;dB : decibel. A unit of relative sound or radio transmission intensity.

;Decoupling capacitor : A capacitor that is included in circuits with integrated circuits to insure that overall circuit voltage doesn't dip or spike elsewhere in the circuit due to the demands of the integrated circuit. When the integrated circuit needs a burst of energy, the decoupling capacitor provides the needed energy without causing a drop in the voltage for the rest of the circuit.

;Dielectric : An insulating (nonconducting) medium. A substance in which an electric field may be maintained with zero or near-zero power dissipation, i.e., the electrical conductivity is zero or near zero. An insulator; a term applied to the insulating material between the plates of a capacitor.

;Diode : An electrical device that will allow current to pass in only one direction. Consists of a cathode and an anode. A two-terminal semiconductor device used chiefly as a rectifier.

;DIP : Dual In-line Package. An IC package having two parallel rows of leads. Sometimes called "through-hole package," because holes are drilled in the PC boards and the package is soldered to the board on the side opposite the package.

;Dipole : A basic radio antenna that consists of two elements, each of equal length. The length of the elements is an algorithmic function of the frequency over which the broadcast is being made.

;DIYC : [http://www.doityourselfchristmas.com/| Do It Yourself Christmas.com].

;DMX (or DMX512) : Digital Multiplex. A lighting control protocol standard developed to handle communications between commercial (usually entertainment, such as theater or music events) lighting control boards and the individual devices, such as lekos (elliposoidals), fresnels, moving lights, strip lights or DJ effect lights. DMX allows up to 512 devices to be attached, daisy-chain, to one wire, each controlled individually. More information on DMX is available [[DMX | here]].
 

==E==
;Electrode : The terminal at which electricity passes from one medium into another, such as in an electrical cell where the current leaves or returns to the electrolyte.

;Electrolyte : A solution of a substance that is capable of conducting electricity. An electrolyte may be in the form of either a liquid or a paste.

;Electrolytic Capacitor : A capacitor that normally uses two aluminum foils separated by an insulating paper. The paper and foils are rolled and impregnated with a liquid electrolyte. Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors are polarized, and may be used DC circuits.

;Electrostatic Discharge Sensitive (ESDS) : The level of susceptibility of devices to damage by static electricity, found by classification testing, is used as the basis for assigning an ESDS class. Electronic parts having sensitive characteristics (e.g., thin-layered internal composition) and delicate, miniaturized construction which are susceptible to damage or degradation, in various degrees, from environmental field forces (electrostatic, electromagnetic, magnetic, or radioactive). This susceptibility also extends to the standard electronic modules, printed circuit boards, printed wiring boards, and circuit card assemblies containing one or more of these sensitive electronic parts.

;Emitter : The element in a transistor that emits current carriers (electrons or holes).

;Energized : Electrically connected to a source of potential difference, or electrically charged so as to have a potential significantly different from that of earth in the vicinity. A "live" circuit.

;ESD : Electrostatic Discharge. More info on ESD is available [http://www.interfacebus.com/glossary-of-terms-esd-definition.html here].
 

==F==

;Farad : The basic unit of capacitance. A capacitor has a capacitance of 1 farad when a voltage potential of 1 volt across it produces a charge of 1 coulomb. Most capacitors used on DIYC boards are in the microfarad (labeled mF or uF) or picofarad (labeled pF) range.

;FCC : The Federal Communications Commission. The FCC was established by the Communications Act of 1934 and is charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire (telegraph, telephone), satellite and cable.

;FET : Field-Effect Transistor. A transistor consisting of a source, a gate, and a drain. Current flow is controlled by the transverse electric field under the gate.

;Firmware : A set of instructions (software program) installed into a microprocessor. It provides the necessary instructions for how the device is supposed to operate.

;Flux : A solution or paste that removes surface oxides from metals being soldered.

;Full-Wave Rectifier : A circuit that uses both positive and negative alternations in an alternating current to produce direct current; it changes alternating current to direct current.

;Fuse : A device that has as its critical component a metal wire or strip that will melt when heated by a prescribed (design) amperage, creating an open in the circuit of which it is a part, thereby protecting the circuit from an over current condition. It protects wiring from over-heating and causing fire.
 

==G==

;GFCI : Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter. An electrical safety device installed in a power panel, sub-panel or outlet box that instantly shuts off the electricity when there is an imbalance in the flow of electricity from hot to neutral. This imbalance can indicate that that an individual is getting an electrical shock. A GFCI should be used in all outdoor high-voltage environments (regular household current) and the device should be tested on a regular basis.

;GRINCH : A 64 channel controller with basic ON/OFF capabilities. Normally gets its input from the parallel port of the controlling computer. No status LEDs, inexpensive/simple to build. Developed by Robert Jordan (RJ). More info [[The GRINCH Controller | here]].

;Ground : The point in a circuit used as a common reference point for measuring purposes. To connect some point of an electrical circuit or some item of electrical equipment to earth or to the conducting medium used in lieu thereof.
 

==H==

;Half-Wave Rectifier : A rectifier using only one-half of each cycle to change AC to pulsating DC.

;Heat Shunt : A device (preferably a clip-on type) used to absorb heat and protect heat-sensitive components during soldering.

;Heat Sink : A piece of metal attached to an electronic component (such as triac, transistor, or voltage regulator) that serves to dissipate or absorb unwanted heat. Many electronics components have two ratings, a lower one when a heat sink is not used and a higher one where a heat sink is in place. Also called a dissipator.
 

==I==

;Inductance : The property of a circuit that tends to oppose a change in the existing current flow. The symbol for inductance is L.

;Induction : The act or process of producing voltage and current by the relative motion of a magnetic field across a conductor.

;Insulated : Separated from other conducting surfaces by a dielectric (including air space) offering a high resistance to the passage of current. Note: When any object is said to be insulated, it is understood to be insulated for the conditions to which it is normally subjected. Otherwise, it is, uninsulated.

;Insulation : A material used to prevent the leakage of electricity from a conductor and to provide mechanical spacing or support as protection against accidental contact with the conductor.

;Insulation Resistance : The resistance offered by an insulating material to current leakage.

;Insulator : Material of such low conductivity that the flow of current through it can usually be neglected. A device having high electrical resistance; used for supporting or separating conductors so as to prevent undesired flow of current from the conductors to other objects.

;Integrated Circuit (IC) : A circuit in which many elements are fabricated and interconnected by a single process (into a single chip), as opposed to a "nonintegrated" circuit in which the transistors, diodes, resistors, and other components are fabricated separately and then assembled. Elements inseparably associated and formed on or within a single substrate.

;Inverter : A circuit with one input and one output. Its function is to invert or reverse the input. When the input is high, the output is low, and vice versa. The inverter is sometimes called a NOT circuit, since it produces the reverse of the input.
 

==J==

;Jumper : A short length of wire used to complete a circuit.
 

==K==

 
==L==

;LED : Light Emitting Diode. A solid-state, semiconductor device that converts electrical energy directly into light. LEDs show up in Christmas lighting in two contexts: the first is as a power or signal indicator in controllers or SSRs, while the second is their use as a substitute for incandescent lamps. LED Christmas light strings use about one-tenth the energy of an incandescent lamp and have a crystal-clear color brightness that incandescents cannot achieve.
 

==M==

;Microcontroller : A computer-on-a-chip that emphasizes high integration, low power consumption, self-sufficiency and relatively low cost. Typically, a microcontroller has flash-type read-write memory allowing a programming station (usually called a PIC programmer) to enter in task-specific programs, which can be written in programming languages such as C, C++, BASIC or even in assembly code (which, of course, is the most efficient).

;Mini-lights : Incandescent bulbs that are about 7/32nds of an inch in diameter, they come in strings as short as 35 bulbs and as long as 400 bulbs. Officially known as the T1-3/4, the strings are wired in series and parallel, usually in 50-bulb groups (the 50 bulbs are in series which are then wired parallel to the others, making 100-, 150-, 200-, 250-, 300-, 350- or 400-bulb strings). Pretty universally, strings that are grouped by 50 bulbs can be cut down to 50-bulb strings. Mini-lights that are grouped by 50s use 2.5-volt, 170 mA bulbs, while 35-bulb strings use 3.5-volt bulbs. Mini-light bulbs are traditionally painted with a transparent paint, which can under severe or extended weather begin to chip or fade.

;MOC3023 : A 6-Pin DIP 400V Random Phase Triac Driver Output Optocoupler. It provides both triac driver and optoisolator services in one package.

;MOSFET : A semiconductor device that contains diffused source and drain regions on either side of a P- or N-channel area. Also contains a gate insulated from the channel area by silicon-oxide. Operates in either the depletion or the enhancement mode.

;MOV : Metal Oxide Varistor. A resistor that changes value with applied voltage. A varistor may also be called a VDR [Voltage Dependent Resistor]. Varistors will have a negative voltage coefficient. MOV devices are used in parallel with the load.

;Multimeter : A single meter combining the functions of an ammeter, a voltmeter, and an ohmmeter.
 

==N==

;NPN : A type of transistor; it is formed by introducing a thin region of P-type material between two regions of N-type material.
 

==O==

;Ohm : The unit of electrical resistance. That value of electrical resistance through which a constant potential difference of 1 volt across the resistance will maintain a current flow of 1 ampere through the resistance.

;Ohm's Law : The current in an electrical circuit is directly proportional to the electromotive force in the circuit. The most common form of the law is E = IR, where E is the electromotive force or voltage across the circuit, I is the current flowing in the circuit, and R is the resistance of the circuit.

;Olsen 595 : This is a popular light controller based on an approach first popularized on the [http://computerchristmas.com ComputerChristmas] and/or [http://planetchristmas.com PlanetChristmas] forums by Peter Olsen. In its first incarnation it used 8-bit 74HC595 logic chips, often with external buffers. More info on the original Olsen 595 design can be found [http://computerchristmas.com/christmas/link-how_to/HowToId-25/Build_a_1024_Port_Controller_for_100 here].

;Open or Open Circuit : The condition of an electrical circuit caused by the breaking of continuity of one or more conductors of the circuit; usually an undesired condition. A circuit that does not provide a complete path for the flow of current.

;Optoisolator (opto, optocoupler) : A semiconductor device that allows signals to be transferred between circuits or systems, while keeping those circuits or systems electrically isolated from each other. In its simplest form, an optoisolator consists of an light-emitting diode (LED), IRED (infrared-emitting diode), or laser diode for signal transmission, and a photosensor for signal reception.

;Oscillator : A device that produces electrical oscillations at a frequency determined by its unique physical characteristics.
 

==P==

;Parallel Port : A port through which two or more data bits are passed simultaneously, such as all the bits of an 8-bit byte, and that requires as many input channels as the number of bits that are to be handled simultaneously. Typically found on a computer and used as the printer port.

;PCB : Printed Circuit Board. An electronics board that contains layers of circuitry that connect the various components of a system. A PCB can be mass manufactured or can be "home etched," where a hobbyist transfers the design of the PCB to a copper-clad board, uses caustic chemicals to etch away the areas not needed and then drills the holes him or herself.

;PIC : A registered trademark name for microcontrollers produced by Microchip Technology Inc. At DIYC, PIC has become a generic term for microcontrollers.

;Pixel : A term traditionally used in computer graphics to identify a picture element, it has been adapted by the Christmas-lights community to refer to a tri-color (red-green-blue) LED that has an internal controller and is manufactured as a string, a strip (either rigid or flexible) or as modules. Pixels require three channels of sequencing software each, so 10 pixels are 30 channels and 50 pixels are 150 channels. Pixels can be based on any of a variety of controllers, including the TM18xx series, the LPD-6803, the WS2801, the 3001 and the GE ColorEffects chips. Further, pixels can be driven at either 5-volts or 12-volts DC and can have a variety of color orders. For strings, strips or modules of pixels to interoperate, they must have the same controller chip, the same voltage and the same color order (which usually means they must have the exact same manufacturer).

;Polarity : The condition in an electrical circuit by which the direction of the flow of current can be determined. Usually applied to batteries and other direct voltage sources. Two opposite charges, one positive and one negative.

;Potentiometer : A variable resistor having a terminal connected to each end of a resistive element and a third terminal connected to a wiper contact. The output is a voltage that is variable depending upon the position of the wiper contact.

;Power : The rate of doing work or the rate of expending energy. The unit of electrical power is the watt.

;Programmer : A device that connects a personal computer to a microcontroller. Used to download software (firmware) from the PC to the microcontroller.

;Protocol : A formal set of conventions governing the format and control of interaction between the computer and attached hardware.

;Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) : Pulse modulation in which the duration of the pulses is varied by the modulating voltage. A useful technique for dimming lights.
 

==Q==

 

==R==

;Regulator : The section in a basic power supply that maintains the output of the power supply at a constant level in spite of large changes in load current or input line voltage.

;Relay : An electromagnetic device with one or more sets of contacts that change position by the magnetic attraction of a coil to an armature.

;Renard : A unique serial communication protocol developed solely for allowing Vixen to communicate to DIYC light controllers. Also applies to the dimming firmware used by many DIYC light controllers.

;Resistance : The opposition a device or material offers to the flow of current. The effect of resistance is to raise the temperature of the material or device carrying the current. A resistance of 1 ohm will allow a current of 1 ampere to flow through it when a potential of 1 volt is applied.

;Resistor : An electrical component that offers resistance to the flow of current. It may be a coil of fine wire or a composition rod.

;RJ-45 (or RJ45) : Registered Jack 45. A data plug or jack standard that allows for the connection of eight wires. It is similar to the modular plug on telephones (which are usually RJ11), though bigger. It is commonly used in Ethernet cabling and so its components (cable, female connectors, male connectors) are readily available and inexpensive.

;RoHS : Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive. A directive by the European Union that is designed to keep harmful chemicals and materials to a minimum. It is used by electronics manufacturers to denote components that meet the EU requirements.

;RS232 : A telecommunications protocol, Recommended Standard 232 was originally designed to connect teletypes with modems; it has survived to this day as the way computer serial ports send out data. RS232 is implemented in a variety of connectors, but is most commonly seen in the DB9 and DB25 devices. It uses nine wires and supports transmitted data, received data, request to send, carrier detect and ring indicator. It is used in Christmas lights by as the physical layer between PC serial ports and Christmas lights controllers.

;RS485 : A telecommunications protocol, Recommended Standard 485 is typically used in building automation, the programming of logic controllers, sound system control, lighting control and video surveillance camera control. It is a two-wire system that uses a differential form of signaling that supports the transmission of data packets. It can be used over a long distance and supports multi-point connections. It is used in Christmas lights as a distribution system for light controllers signaling devices, sometimes using the DMX512 protocol.
 

==S==

;Schematic : A diagram which shows, by means of graphic symbols, the electrical connections and functions of a specific circuit arrangement.

;Short Circuit : An unintentional current path between two components in a circuit or between a component and ground; usually caused by a circuit malfunction.

;Shunt : A term used interchangeably with jumper. A device used to connect two pins and "jumper" them together.

;Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) : A semiconductor device that functions as an electrically controlled switch.

;Silk Screen : The printed information on a PCB. Typcially yellow or white, it outlines the components and shows the part reference numbers.

;Sink Current : An integrated circuit sinks current when current is flowing from a load [another device] into the circuits output. This is considered negative current to the IC. Basically happens when the integrated circuit output goes to ground [low].

;SMT (or SMD) : Surface mount technology (surface mount device). A method of mounting integrated circuits, microcontrollers and other electronics on printed circuit boards. The method mounts the devices on the top of a PC board rather than using holes through the board. Compare this with DIP.

;SNR : Signal to Noise Ratio. A measure of signal strength relative to background noise.

;Source Current : An integrated circuit sources current when current is flowing from the IC into another device [Load]. Source-ing current is considered to be positive current flow from the ICs prospective. Source current is the opposite to Sink Current.

;SPT(1-3) : Service Parallel Thermoplastic. Commonly referred to as zip cord. There is SPT1, SPT2, and SPT3. The number refers to the thickness of the insulation in 64ths of an inch. SPT1 is often called lamp cord. SPT1 usually has 18 gauge wire. SPT2 is commonly available in 16 or 18 gauge. SPT3 is available as large as 10 gauge.

;SSR: Solid State Relay. An electronic switch, which, unlike an electromechanical relay, contains no moving parts.
:'''DIYC definition'''
::Generally refers to a PCB that contains the circuitry that acts like four separate solid state relays. It receives data from the controller board and uses that information to control the power going to the attached lights. The key components of a DIYC SSR are the Optocoupler and the Triac. More information on SSRs can be found [[Solid State Relays | here]].

;SSROZ : Solid State Relay from Oz. A DIYC design for a SSR PCB. Contains circuitry equal to four separate solid state relays. Provides independent control of four channels of lights. Designed by John Wilson (wjohn).

;SWR : Standing Wave Ratio. The ratio of the maximum (voltage, current) to the minimum (voltage, current) points of a transmission line. Indicates the impedance matching quality of the termination of the line.
 

==T==

;Tinning : The process of applying a thin coat of solder to materials prior to their being soldered; for example, application of a light coat of solder to the filaments of a conductor to hold the filaments in place prior to soldering of the conductor.

;Transformer : A device composed of two or more coils, linked by magnetic lines of force, used to transfer energy from one circuit to another.

;Transistor : A basic solid-state semiconductor that has three terminals and can be used for amplification, switching and/or detection.

;Triac : TRIode for Alternating Current. This is an electronic component approximately equivalent to two silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs/thyristors) joined in inverse parallel (paralleled but with the polarity reversed) and with their gates connected together. This results in a bidirectional electronic switch which can conduct current in either direction when it is triggered (turned on).

;Twisted Pair : A line consisting of two insulated wires twisted together to form a flexible line without the use of spacers.
 

==U==

;ULN2803 : An array of eight Darlington transistors (which themselves are arrays of two transistors) that amplify current. Often used in Christmas lights as devices to increase the current coming from a microcontroller to an SSR so that there is enough power to turn on (or off) the SSR.

;Universe : A collection of 512 channels of lighting control. Based on the [[#D | DMX-512]] standard, it is the output of a single USB-DMX device, such as an Enttec Pro, Enttec Open, Lynx USB-DMX Dongle or an RPM USB-DMX Dongle. The word was coined when stage-lighting consoles needed to expand beyond 512-channel output; the output ports on the consoles were given the name. Also see [DMX | this].

;USB : Universal Serial Bus, a computer bus which provides two-way communication between the PC and peripheral devices, over a differential 4-wire serial interface cable.
 

==V==

;Via : A plated-thru hole in a printed circuit board. A via may may exist between one or more adjacent board layers, or through the entire board. A blind via runs vertically between the top [or bottom] side and through one or more adjacent board layers, but not through the entire board.

;Voltage : The term used to signify electrical pressure. Voltage is a force that causes current to flow through an electrical conductor. The voltage of a circuit is the greatest effective difference of potential between any two conductors of the circuit.

;Voltage Drop : The difference in voltage between two points. It is the result of the loss of electrical pressure as a current flows through a resistance.

;Voltage regulator : An electronic device designed to take a higher voltage and make it conform to a specific lower voltage. Provide a 5-volt regulator with 12 volts as an input and it will put out a steady 5 volts; provide a 12-volt regulator with 14.5 volts and it will output a steady 12 volts. While some regulators are designed for specific voltages, others can provide a range of voltages depending upon resistance applied; variable voltage regulators can be controlled by potentiometers (i.e.: volume control), so that you can turn a knob and get various voltages depending on where the knob is.
 

==W==

;Watt : The unit of electrical power that is the product of voltage and current.
 

==X==

;XLR Connector : A shielded 5-conductor plug/jack used for DMX connections. Also can be a 3-conductor plug generally used for microphones.

;XTAL : Short for crystal.
 

==Y==
 

==Z==

;Zener Diode : A PN-junction diode designed to operate in the reverse-bias breakdown region. It is designed to conduct in the reverse [bias] direction: with a precise breakdown voltage [Vz].
;Zero Crossing : In alternating current, the zero crossing is the instantaneous point at which there is no voltage present. In a sine wave or other simple waveform, this normally occurs twice during each cycle.

[[Category:DIYC Home]]
[[Category:Beginners Info]]
[[Category:General Info]]
[[Category:DIYC Index]]

Glossary

2015-04-29T20:40:26Z

Dmcole: /* U */

__NOTOC__

[[#A |A]] [[#B | B]] [[#C | C]] [[#D | D]] [[#E | E]] [[#F | F]] [[#G | G]] [[#H | H]] [[#I | I]] [[#J | J]] [[#K | K]] [[#L | L]] [[#M | M]] [[#N | N]] [[#O | O]] [[#P | P]] [[#Q | Q]] [[#R | R]] [[#S | S]] [[#T | T]] [[#U | U]] [[#V | V]] [[#W | W]] [[#X | X]] [[#Y | Y]] [[#Z | Z]]

==A==
;Amp : Ampere. The basic unit of electrical current. Applying one volt across a one ohm resistor will cause a current of one ampere to flow. The letter 'I' is used to denote current.

;Anode : A positive electrode of an electrochemical device (such as a primary or secondary electric cell) toward which the negative ions are drawn. The semiconductor-diode terminal that is positive with respect to the other terminal when the diode is biased in the forward direction.

;Audacity : An open source (both free to use and source code freely distributed) digital audio manipulation application. It is available for Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and BSD. It can record audio, provide editing functions for shortening the length of audio files or handle mixing, spectrum analysis or change in pitch and/or speed. It imports and exports WAV, AIFF, MP3, FLAC and — with plugins — WMA, AAC, AMR and AC3. With certain plug-ins it can be used to export beats of a piece of music that can be imported into certain sequencing software. It is available at http://audacity.sourceforge.net/ and instructions are at http://wiki.audacityteam.org/.

;AWG : American Wire Gauge. The standards adopted in the United States for the measurement of wire sizes. [http://www.powerstream.com/Wire_Size.htm AWG Chart]
 

==B==

;Base : The region between the emitter and collector of a transistor that receives minority carriers injected from the emitter. The element in a transistor that controls the flow of current carriers. It is the element that corresponds to the control grid of an electron tube.

;Baud : A measurement of data transmission speed based on the number of code elements or units per second.

;BNC : Bayonet Nut Connection. A type of connector typically used on coaxial cables.

;BOM : Bill of Material. A listing all the parts required to assemble a project or to populate a circuit board.

 

==C==

;Capacitor : An electrical component that stores an electric charge and releases it when its needed.

;Cathode : The general name for any negative electrode. The negative terminal of a forward-biased semiconductor diode, which is the source of the electrons.

;Center Tap : A connection made to a point half way along a winding of a transformer or inductor, or along the element of a resistor or a potentiometer.

;Channel : In DIYC, a channel refers to an individual line that can be independently controlled. As an example, the Grinch can control 64 channels, that is 64 independent lines that it can control.

;COOP : A co-operative effort by participating DIYC members to pool their resources together to make a purchase of an item(s) in large quantity in an attempt to reduce the cost to the individual participants.

;Coop Olsen 595 : This light controller is based on the Olsen 595 design. It is a 64 channel controller with basic ON/OFF capabilities. Normally gets its input from the parallel port of the controlling computer. On-board status LED for each channel. Developed by Brian Bresocnik (Macrosill). More info [[64 Channel Olsen 595 Controller Assembly Instructions | here]]. AKA - Brian's Olsen 595 board.

;COOP SSR : A DIYC design for a SSR PCB. Contains circuitry equal to four separate solid state relays. Provides independent control of four channels of lights. Designed by Sean Bowf. AKA - Sean's SSR.

;Coaxial Cable : A cable with one conductor completely surrounded by another conductor, separated by a dielectric. The two conductors being coaxial. Some types of coax cables use multiple conductors surrounding each other. Normally only the inner conductor carries a signal. The outer conductors [Braid] are used as a shield, or grounded. Coaxial Cable is normally used in RF transmission. The term Coaxial is normally shortened to Coax. Types of Coaxial Cable include: RG-6, RG-8, RG-11, RG-58, RG-59.

;Collector : The electrode in a transistor through which a primary flow of carriers leaves the region between the electrodes.

;Continuity : An uninterrupted, complete path for current flow. When checking for continuity you are usually looking for a short.

;Current : The movement of electrons past a reference point. The passage of electrons through a conductor. Measured in amperes.
 

==D==

;dB : decibel. A unit of relative sound or radio transmission intensity.

;Decoupling capacitor : A capacitor that is included in circuits with integrated circuits to insure that overall circuit voltage doesn't dip or spike elsewhere in the circuit due to the demands of the integrated circuit. When the integrated circuit needs a burst of energy, the decoupling capacitor provides the needed energy without causing a drop in the voltage for the rest of the circuit.

;Dielectric : An insulating (nonconducting) medium. A substance in which an electric field may be maintained with zero or near-zero power dissipation, i.e., the electrical conductivity is zero or near zero. An insulator; a term applied to the insulating material between the plates of a capacitor.

;Diode : An electrical device that will allow current to pass in only one direction. Consists of a cathode and an anode. A two-terminal semiconductor device used chiefly as a rectifier.

;DIP : Dual In-line Package. An IC package having two parallel rows of leads. Sometimes called "through-hole package," because holes are drilled in the PC boards and the package is soldered to the board on the side opposite the package.

;Dipole : A basic radio antenna that consists of two elements, each of equal length. The length of the elements is an algorithmic function of the frequency over which the broadcast is being made.

;DIYC : [http://www.doityourselfchristmas.com/| Do It Yourself Christmas.com].

;DMX (or DMX512) : Digital Multiplex. A lighting control protocol standard developed to handle communications between commercial (usually entertainment, such as theater or music events) lighting control boards and the individual devices, such as lekos (elliposoidals), fresnels, moving lights, strip lights or DJ effect lights. DMX allows up to 512 devices to be attached, daisy-chain, to one wire, each controlled individually. More information on DMX is available [[DMX | here]].
 

==E==
;Electrode : The terminal at which electricity passes from one medium into another, such as in an electrical cell where the current leaves or returns to the electrolyte.

;Electrolyte : A solution of a substance that is capable of conducting electricity. An electrolyte may be in the form of either a liquid or a paste.

;Electrolytic Capacitor : A capacitor that normally uses two aluminum foils separated by an insulating paper. The paper and foils are rolled and impregnated with a liquid electrolyte. Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors are polarized, and may be used DC circuits.

;Electrostatic Discharge Sensitive (ESDS) : The level of susceptibility of devices to damage by static electricity, found by classification testing, is used as the basis for assigning an ESDS class. Electronic parts having sensitive characteristics (e.g., thin-layered internal composition) and delicate, miniaturized construction which are susceptible to damage or degradation, in various degrees, from environmental field forces (electrostatic, electromagnetic, magnetic, or radioactive). This susceptibility also extends to the standard electronic modules, printed circuit boards, printed wiring boards, and circuit card assemblies containing one or more of these sensitive electronic parts.

;Emitter : The element in a transistor that emits current carriers (electrons or holes).

;Energized : Electrically connected to a source of potential difference, or electrically charged so as to have a potential significantly different from that of earth in the vicinity. A "live" circuit.

;ESD : Electrostatic Discharge. More info on ESD is available [http://www.interfacebus.com/glossary-of-terms-esd-definition.html here].
 

==F==

;Farad : The basic unit of capacitance. A capacitor has a capacitance of 1 farad when a voltage potential of 1 volt across it produces a charge of 1 coulomb. Most capacitors used on DIYC boards are in the microfarad (labeled mF or uF) or picofarad (labeled pF) range.

;FCC : The Federal Communications Commission. The FCC was established by the Communications Act of 1934 and is charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire (telegraph, telephone), satellite and cable.

;FET : Field-Effect Transistor. A transistor consisting of a source, a gate, and a drain. Current flow is controlled by the transverse electric field under the gate.

;Firmware : A set of instructions (software program) installed into a microprocessor. It provides the necessary instructions for how the device is supposed to operate.

;Flux : A solution or paste that removes surface oxides from metals being soldered.

;Full-Wave Rectifier : A circuit that uses both positive and negative alternations in an alternating current to produce direct current; it changes alternating current to direct current.

;Fuse : A device that has as its critical component a metal wire or strip that will melt when heated by a prescribed (design) amperage, creating an open in the circuit of which it is a part, thereby protecting the circuit from an over current condition. It protects wiring from over-heating and causing fire.
 

==G==

;GFCI : Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter. An electrical safety device installed in a power panel, sub-panel or outlet box that instantly shuts off the electricity when there is an imbalance in the flow of electricity from hot to neutral. This imbalance can indicate that that an individual is getting an electrical shock. A GFCI should be used in all outdoor high-voltage environments (regular household current) and the device should be tested on a regular basis.

;GRINCH : A 64 channel controller with basic ON/OFF capabilities. Normally gets its input from the parallel port of the controlling computer. No status LEDs, inexpensive/simple to build. Developed by Robert Jordan (RJ). More info [[The GRINCH Controller | here]].

;Ground : The point in a circuit used as a common reference point for measuring purposes. To connect some point of an electrical circuit or some item of electrical equipment to earth or to the conducting medium used in lieu thereof.
 

==H==

;Half-Wave Rectifier : A rectifier using only one-half of each cycle to change AC to pulsating DC.

;Heat Shunt : A device (preferably a clip-on type) used to absorb heat and protect heat-sensitive components during soldering.

;Heat Sink : A piece of metal attached to an electronic component (such as triac, transistor, or voltage regulator) that serves to dissipate or absorb unwanted heat. Many electronics components have two ratings, a lower one when a heat sink is not used and a higher one where a heat sink is in place. Also called a dissipator.
 

==I==

;Inductance : The property of a circuit that tends to oppose a change in the existing current flow. The symbol for inductance is L.

;Induction : The act or process of producing voltage and current by the relative motion of a magnetic field across a conductor.

;Insulated : Separated from other conducting surfaces by a dielectric (including air space) offering a high resistance to the passage of current. Note: When any object is said to be insulated, it is understood to be insulated for the conditions to which it is normally subjected. Otherwise, it is, uninsulated.

;Insulation : A material used to prevent the leakage of electricity from a conductor and to provide mechanical spacing or support as protection against accidental contact with the conductor.

;Insulation Resistance : The resistance offered by an insulating material to current leakage.

;Insulator : Material of such low conductivity that the flow of current through it can usually be neglected. A device having high electrical resistance; used for supporting or separating conductors so as to prevent undesired flow of current from the conductors to other objects.

;Integrated Circuit (IC) : A circuit in which many elements are fabricated and interconnected by a single process (into a single chip), as opposed to a "nonintegrated" circuit in which the transistors, diodes, resistors, and other components are fabricated separately and then assembled. Elements inseparably associated and formed on or within a single substrate.

;Inverter : A circuit with one input and one output. Its function is to invert or reverse the input. When the input is high, the output is low, and vice versa. The inverter is sometimes called a NOT circuit, since it produces the reverse of the input.
 

==J==

;Jumper : A short length of wire used to complete a circuit.
 

==K==

 
==L==

;LED : Light Emitting Diode. A solid-state, semiconductor device that converts electrical energy directly into light. LEDs show up in Christmas lighting in two contexts: the first is as a power or signal indicator in controllers or SSRs, while the second is their use as a substitute for incandescent lamps. LED Christmas light strings use about one-tenth the energy of an incandescent lamp and have a crystal-clear color brightness that incandescents cannot achieve.
 

==M==

;Microcontroller : A computer-on-a-chip that emphasizes high integration, low power consumption, self-sufficiency and relatively low cost. Typically, a microcontroller has flash-type read-write memory allowing a programming station (usually called a PIC programmer) to enter in task-specific programs, which can be written in programming languages such as C, C++, BASIC or even in assembly code (which, of course, is the most efficient).

;Mini-lights : Incandescent bulbs that are about 7/32nds of an inch in diameter, they come in strings as short as 35 bulbs and as long as 400 bulbs. Officially known as the T1-3/4, the strings are wired in series and parallel, usually in 50-bulb groups (the 50 bulbs are in series which are then wired parallel to the others, making 100-, 150-, 200-, 250-, 300-, 350- or 400-bulb strings). Pretty universally, strings that are grouped by 50 bulbs can be cut down to 50-bulb strings. Mini-lights that are grouped by 50s use 2.5-volt, 170 mA bulbs, while 35-bulb strings use 3.5-volt bulbs. Mini-light bulbs are traditionally painted with a transparent paint, which can under severe or extended weather begin to chip or fade.

;MOC3023 : A 6-Pin DIP 400V Random Phase Triac Driver Output Optocoupler. It provides both triac driver and optoisolator services in one package.

;MOSFET : A semiconductor device that contains diffused source and drain regions on either side of a P- or N-channel area. Also contains a gate insulated from the channel area by silicon-oxide. Operates in either the depletion or the enhancement mode.

;MOV : Metal Oxide Varistor. A resistor that changes value with applied voltage. A varistor may also be called a VDR [Voltage Dependent Resistor]. Varistors will have a negative voltage coefficient. MOV devices are used in parallel with the load.

;Multimeter : A single meter combining the functions of an ammeter, a voltmeter, and an ohmmeter.
 

==N==

;NPN : A type of transistor; it is formed by introducing a thin region of P-type material between two regions of N-type material.
 

==O==

;Ohm : The unit of electrical resistance. That value of electrical resistance through which a constant potential difference of 1 volt across the resistance will maintain a current flow of 1 ampere through the resistance.

;Ohm's Law : The current in an electrical circuit is directly proportional to the electromotive force in the circuit. The most common form of the law is E = IR, where E is the electromotive force or voltage across the circuit, I is the current flowing in the circuit, and R is the resistance of the circuit.

;Olsen 595 : This is a popular light controller based on an approach first popularized on the [http://computerchristmas.com ComputerChristmas] and/or [http://planetchristmas.com PlanetChristmas] forums by Peter Olsen. In its first incarnation it used 8-bit 74HC595 logic chips, often with external buffers. More info on the original Olsen 595 design can be found [http://computerchristmas.com/christmas/link-how_to/HowToId-25/Build_a_1024_Port_Controller_for_100 here].

;Open or Open Circuit : The condition of an electrical circuit caused by the breaking of continuity of one or more conductors of the circuit; usually an undesired condition. A circuit that does not provide a complete path for the flow of current.

;Optoisolator (opto, optocoupler) : A semiconductor device that allows signals to be transferred between circuits or systems, while keeping those circuits or systems electrically isolated from each other. In its simplest form, an optoisolator consists of an light-emitting diode (LED), IRED (infrared-emitting diode), or laser diode for signal transmission, and a photosensor for signal reception.

;Oscillator : A device that produces electrical oscillations at a frequency determined by its unique physical characteristics.
 

==P==

;Parallel Port : A port through which two or more data bits are passed simultaneously, such as all the bits of an 8-bit byte, and that requires as many input channels as the number of bits that are to be handled simultaneously. Typically found on a computer and used as the printer port.

;PCB : Printed Circuit Board. An electronics board that contains layers of circuitry that connect the various components of a system. A PCB can be mass manufactured or can be "home etched," where a hobbyist transfers the design of the PCB to a copper-clad board, uses caustic chemicals to etch away the areas not needed and then drills the holes him or herself.

;PIC : A registered trademark name for microcontrollers produced by Microchip Technology Inc. At DIYC, PIC has become a generic term for microcontrollers.

;Pixel : A term traditionally used in computer graphics to identify a picture element, it has been adapted by the Christmas-lights community to refer to a tri-color (red-green-blue) LED that has an internal controller and is manufactured as a string, a strip (either rigid or flexible) or as modules. Pixels require three channels of sequencing software each, so 10 pixels are 30 channels and 50 pixels are 150 channels. Pixels can be based on any of a variety of controllers, including the TM18xx series, the LPD-6803, the WS2801, the 3001 and the GE ColorEffects chips. Further, pixels can be driven at either 5-volts or 12-volts DC and can have a variety of color orders. For strings, strips or modules of pixels to interoperate, they must have the same controller chip, the same voltage and the same color order (which usually means they must have the exact same manufacturer).

;Polarity : The condition in an electrical circuit by which the direction of the flow of current can be determined. Usually applied to batteries and other direct voltage sources. Two opposite charges, one positive and one negative.

;Potentiometer : A variable resistor having a terminal connected to each end of a resistive element and a third terminal connected to a wiper contact. The output is a voltage that is variable depending upon the position of the wiper contact.

;Power : The rate of doing work or the rate of expending energy. The unit of electrical power is the watt.

;Programmer : A device that connects a personal computer to a microcontroller. Used to download software (firmware) from the PC to the microcontroller.

;Protocol : A formal set of conventions governing the format and control of interaction between the computer and attached hardware.

;Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) : Pulse modulation in which the duration of the pulses is varied by the modulating voltage. A useful technique for dimming lights.
 

==Q==

 

==R==

;Regulator : The section in a basic power supply that maintains the output of the power supply at a constant level in spite of large changes in load current or input line voltage.

;Relay : An electromagnetic device with one or more sets of contacts that change position by the magnetic attraction of a coil to an armature.

;Renard : A unique serial communication protocol developed solely for allowing Vixen to communicate to DIYC light controllers. Also applies to the dimming firmware used by many DIYC light controllers.

;Resistance : The opposition a device or material offers to the flow of current. The effect of resistance is to raise the temperature of the material or device carrying the current. A resistance of 1 ohm will allow a current of 1 ampere to flow through it when a potential of 1 volt is applied.

;Resistor : An electrical component that offers resistance to the flow of current. It may be a coil of fine wire or a composition rod.

;RJ-45 (or RJ45) : Registered Jack 45. A data plug or jack standard that allows for the connection of eight wires. It is similar to the modular plug on telephones (which are usually RJ11), though bigger. It is commonly used in Ethernet cabling and so its components (cable, female connectors, male connectors) are readily available and inexpensive.

;RoHS : Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive. A directive by the European Union that is designed to keep harmful chemicals and materials to a minimum. It is used by electronics manufacturers to denote components that meet the EU requirements.

;RS232 : A telecommunications protocol, Recommended Standard 232 was originally designed to connect teletypes with modems; it has survived to this day as the way computer serial ports send out data. RS232 is implemented in a variety of connectors, but is most commonly seen in the DB9 and DB25 devices. It uses nine wires and supports transmitted data, received data, request to send, carrier detect and ring indicator. It is used in Christmas lights by as the physical layer between PC serial ports and Christmas lights controllers.

;RS485 : A telecommunications protocol, Recommended Standard 485 is typically used in building automation, the programming of logic controllers, sound system control, lighting control and video surveillance camera control. It is a two-wire system that uses a differential form of signaling that supports the transmission of data packets. It can be used over a long distance and supports multi-point connections. It is used in Christmas lights as a distribution system for light controllers signaling devices, sometimes using the DMX512 protocol.
 

==S==

;Schematic : A diagram which shows, by means of graphic symbols, the electrical connections and functions of a specific circuit arrangement.

;Short Circuit : An unintentional current path between two components in a circuit or between a component and ground; usually caused by a circuit malfunction.

;Shunt : A term used interchangeably with jumper. A device used to connect two pins and "jumper" them together.

;Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) : A semiconductor device that functions as an electrically controlled switch.

;Silk Screen : The printed information on a PCB. Typcially yellow or white, it outlines the components and shows the part reference numbers.

;Sink Current : An integrated circuit sinks current when current is flowing from a load [another device] into the circuits output. This is considered negative current to the IC. Basically happens when the integrated circuit output goes to ground [low].

;SMT (or SMD) : Surface mount technology (surface mount device). A method of mounting integrated circuits, microcontrollers and other electronics on printed circuit boards. The method mounts the devices on the top of a PC board rather than using holes through the board. Compare this with DIP.

;SNR : Signal to Noise Ratio. A measure of signal strength relative to background noise.

;Source Current : An integrated circuit sources current when current is flowing from the IC into another device [Load]. Source-ing current is considered to be positive current flow from the ICs prospective. Source current is the opposite to Sink Current.

;SPT(1-3) : Service Parallel Thermoplastic. Commonly referred to as zip cord. There is SPT1, SPT2, and SPT3. The number refers to the thickness of the insulation in 64ths of an inch. SPT1 is often called lamp cord. SPT1 usually has 18 gauge wire. SPT2 is commonly available in 16 or 18 gauge. SPT3 is available as large as 10 gauge.

;SSR: Solid State Relay. An electronic switch, which, unlike an electromechanical relay, contains no moving parts.
:'''DIYC definition'''
::Generally refers to a PCB that contains the circuitry that acts like four separate solid state relays. It receives data from the controller board and uses that information to control the power going to the attached lights. The key components of a DIYC SSR are the Optocoupler and the Triac. More information on SSRs can be found [[Solid State Relays | here]].

;SSROZ : Solid State Relay from Oz. A DIYC design for a SSR PCB. Contains circuitry equal to four separate solid state relays. Provides independent control of four channels of lights. Designed by John Wilson (wjohn).

;SWR : Standing Wave Ratio. The ratio of the maximum (voltage, current) to the minimum (voltage, current) points of a transmission line. Indicates the impedance matching quality of the termination of the line.
 

==T==

;Tinning : The process of applying a thin coat of solder to materials prior to their being soldered; for example, application of a light coat of solder to the filaments of a conductor to hold the filaments in place prior to soldering of the conductor.

;Transformer : A device composed of two or more coils, linked by magnetic lines of force, used to transfer energy from one circuit to another.

;Transistor : A basic solid-state semiconductor that has three terminals and can be used for amplification, switching and/or detection.

;Triac : TRIode for Alternating Current. This is an electronic component approximately equivalent to two silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs/thyristors) joined in inverse parallel (paralleled but with the polarity reversed) and with their gates connected together. This results in a bidirectional electronic switch which can conduct current in either direction when it is triggered (turned on).

;Twisted Pair : A line consisting of two insulated wires twisted together to form a flexible line without the use of spacers.
 

==U==

;ULN2803 : An array of eight Darlington transistors (which themselves are arrays of two transistors) that amplify current. Often used in Christmas lights as devices to increase the current coming from a microcontroller to an SSR so that there is enough power to turn on (or off) the SSR.

;Universe : A collection of 512 channels of lighting control. Based on the [http://http://doityourselfchristmas.com/wiki/index.php?title=Glossary#D | DMX-512] standard, it is the output of a single USB-DMX device, such as an Enttec Pro, Enttec Open, Lynx USB-DMX Dongle or an RPM USB-DMX Dongle. The word was coined when stage-lighting consoles needed to expand beyond 512-channel output; the output ports on the consoles were given the name. Also see [DMX | this].

;USB : Universal Serial Bus, a computer bus which provides two-way communication between the PC and peripheral devices, over a differential 4-wire serial interface cable.
 

==V==

;Via : A plated-thru hole in a printed circuit board. A via may may exist between one or more adjacent board layers, or through the entire board. A blind via runs vertically between the top [or bottom] side and through one or more adjacent board layers, but not through the entire board.

;Voltage : The term used to signify electrical pressure. Voltage is a force that causes current to flow through an electrical conductor. The voltage of a circuit is the greatest effective difference of potential between any two conductors of the circuit.

;Voltage Drop : The difference in voltage between two points. It is the result of the loss of electrical pressure as a current flows through a resistance.

;Voltage regulator : An electronic device designed to take a higher voltage and make it conform to a specific lower voltage. Provide a 5-volt regulator with 12 volts as an input and it will put out a steady 5 volts; provide a 12-volt regulator with 14.5 volts and it will output a steady 12 volts. While some regulators are designed for specific voltages, others can provide a range of voltages depending upon resistance applied; variable voltage regulators can be controlled by potentiometers (i.e.: volume control), so that you can turn a knob and get various voltages depending on where the knob is.
 

==W==

;Watt : The unit of electrical power that is the product of voltage and current.
 

==X==

;XLR Connector : A shielded 5-conductor plug/jack used for DMX connections. Also can be a 3-conductor plug generally used for microphones.

;XTAL : Short for crystal.
 

==Y==
 

==Z==

;Zener Diode : A PN-junction diode designed to operate in the reverse-bias breakdown region. It is designed to conduct in the reverse [bias] direction: with a precise breakdown voltage [Vz].
;Zero Crossing : In alternating current, the zero crossing is the instantaneous point at which there is no voltage present. In a sine wave or other simple waveform, this normally occurs twice during each cycle.

[[Category:DIYC Home]]
[[Category:Beginners Info]]
[[Category:General Info]]
[[Category:DIYC Index]]

Vastelec FM02

2015-02-08T14:27:29Z

Dmcole: /* Where can I get one of these wonderful FM transmitters ? */

==The FM Transmitter with DIY possibilities ==
[[Image:FM02_beauty_shot.jpg|FM-02]]
 
[[Image:Fm02_beauty_shot_2.jpg|thumb|right|click on the picture for a larger version]]
[[Image:Fm02_beauty_shot_3.jpg|thumb|right|click on the picture for a larger version]]

The FM02 is a two board FM transmitter. It accepts a stereo audio source and outputs a stereo FM broadcast signal on the frequency shown on the LED display. It comes just as shown in the picture above.

It is rated at 30mw (that's milli-watts) of transmission power. For most Christmas DIYers this is a nearly perfect amount of power. It will transmit a clear signal for about 2 blocks or 1/4 mile. Why is this good? Because it is illegal in the USA to transmit other then very low amounts of FM radiation without an FCC license.

Skip to this section for more details: [[http://www.doityourselfchristmas.com/wiki/index.php?title=Vastelec_FM02#Why_you_should_care_about_the_power_of_your_transmitter FCC Rules]]




The FM02 is not a complete unit ready for use.
Instead, it bridges the gap between an out-of-the-box solution, and a build-your-own unit that starts with a bare PCB and a bag of parts.

The FM02 is very small, but packs in a nice set of features. 
Key to these is the use of PLL (Phase Locked Loop) technology. PLL keeps the transmitter locked into the designated transmitting frequency without it drifting up or down. This frequency drift WILL occur on other FM transmitters without PLL as the temperature around the unit goes up or down.

The second key feature is the fact that the transmitting frequency is maintained even after power is turned off and back on.


The FM02 is a very sophisticated assembly. Building a unit of this capability and size would be nearly impossible for most DIY'ers.

So, to create a usable FM transmitter, the FM02 needs some help. The builder of the transmitter will take the FM02 and use it as the corner stone of a complete transmitter.

You will need the following items added to your FM02:
- Power. For details, see the POWER section below. 100ma is enough current.
- An Antenna. Never power your unit without an antenna.
- A mounting enclosure. You will need to mount the FM02 boards somewhere safe and dry.
- Connection to a stereo Audio Source. The FM02 has a 3.5mm audio jack.

== About VAST Electronics & Product Warranty==
[http://www.vastelec.com/ Vendor's Website]

[http://www.doityourselfchristmas.com/wiki/images/f/f7/FM-Transmitter.pdf Data Sheet]

VAST warranties the FM02 for two years. The trick with this warranty is that it requires the product to be returned for repair to VAST in China. ''IF'' you can catch a group buy in progress on doityourselfchristmas.com, you can also request a replacement when that order is placed with VAST.

You can also receive warranty service from the units purchased directly from www.radiant-holidays (former WLC ventures).

==Pictures of FM02's in enclosures==

Each FM02 installation is unique !

'''A gallery of over 25 different installations with pictures and 'how to build notes' is available.'''

Click Here to see many FM02 installations: [[FM02_Gallery]]

== Power Requirements ==
[[Image:SURE_lm317.jpg|thumb|right|click on the picture for a larger version]]

''Do NOT power it up without an antenna.'' You don't need to have your 'real' antenna ready for this. You can put an sma-to-BNC adapter on and then stick a 12" piece of wire into the center of the BNC connector. This will dissipate the RF energy just fine. Just be sure you don't enlarge the hole inside the BNC.


''DO NOT apply anything GREATER then REGULATED 9V-16V DC to your unit. 12V DC is the ideal voltage to shoot for.'' If you aren't sure, then ask for help in the forums. Use a meter to check the voltage first. If all you have is a wall-wart that is labeled 12V, then that is most likely NOT regulated. A simple test of the output voltage with a meter will tell the tale.
I use one of the voltage regulators from Sure Electronics with my unit (Part number:PS-SP12113). These are about $5 online.

While the unit will 'run' on the voltages noted above, '''you should try to run it on 12V.'''
If you operate the unit at a reduced voltage, this only drops the mean voltage feeding the chip and thus drops the chips ability to function correctly. By turning down the operating voltage, (that is one way to reduce that hissing pilot level), but your also reducing the correct operating voltage for not just the FM chip, but the microprocessor, the PLL, the display, the final RF amp, the whole thing, not to mention reduced range and added distortions in the audio paths within the TX and FM chip itself.

A good example of this is taking a portable battery operated radio and put a weak battery in it and hear how distorted and low volume the audio is compared to a fresh correct voltage battery.

You need very little power for an FM02. A power supply rated at only 100ma is sufficient.


When you connect power to the FM02 it is '''VERY''' important that you get your positive(+) and your negative(-) correct.

'''If you hook up the power incorrectly, you can easily damage/ruin the unit.'''


== Do you have a HUM ? ==

Many folks will experience some ''HUM'' in the transmitted audio. This is normal. The good news is that you should be able to eliminate this hum with the use of a ''Ferrite Bead.''

(See ''Audio'' Section below for poor audio quality problems)


(See the ''Ways to improve the sound quality for Advanced Users'' Section below if you hear a 'shhhhhhhhing' sound)


If you look at the tech that is already in your house, you will see these beads on lots of things. They are in power cords, and even ethernet cables. I get mine for free this way. I just cut them out of these cords.
If you work in an office, you can usually go to the cube of the LAN/Networking guys and ask them for an excess power cord with one of these 'bumps' in the cord. They usually have dozens of extras laying around.

As far as size, you want to be able to wrap the wire through the hole and around the perimeter 3 times for maximum effect. You also need to wrap it tightly and secure it in place with a nylon tie wrap. So, it depends on the size of the wire that comes out of your wall wart, you need to have a diameter that can fit three wraps of the wire and the tie.

If you use a Wall Wart for power, you absolutely need a ferrite bead on the power cord coming out of the wall wart.

It is also a good idea to put a bead on the audio cable coming out of the PC.

The beads should be placed on the FM02 end of the cable.

Sometimes, it helps to put a ferrite bead on the audio cable between the PC and transmitter.

'''NOTE''': it never hurts to put one or more ferrite beads on your cables. They may or may not eliminate your ''HUM'', but they never make it worse.

Some Beads split in half, some don't !
[[Image:Ferrite_1.jpg|left|A Split Ferrite bead]]
[[Image:Ferrite_2.jpg|right|A multi wrap Ferrite bead]]

There are some good pictures in the wiki-pedia-:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrite_bead

== Audio ==
[[Image:3.5mm_stereo_plug.jpg|right|thumb|3.5mm stereo plug]]

The FM02 has a standard 3.5mm stereo jack for the wire that is carrying your audio signal.

There is one key point about the audio.
It works best with a ''line level'' audio input.
The ''Audio Out'' jack on a PC is NOT ''line level''.
Line Level is a very low volume level signal.
The Volume level on your PC needs to be set very low, barely audible.
If you ''overdrive'' the audio signal, it will result in a FM transmission that will sound distorted.

.

== Schematic and PCB layout ==

[[Image:FM02_Schematic_small_pic.jpg|right|schematic]]

The schematic and PCB layout are documented in a .pdf file.

This document shows the electronic board schematic and the PCB layout for the main transmitter board.

What is not shown is the information for the 'Display' board of this two board set.





[[http://www.doityourselfchristmas.com/wiki/images/1/1a/FM02_Schematic.pdf Click Here for the full Schematic & PCB layout File]].


== Detailed Board Dimensions ==

'''Outline of the 'display' board.'''

[[Image:VAST_FM-02_Display_Board_Dimensions.jpg |right|board dims]]



'''The second board has the same physical outline dimensions. It also lines up with the 4 corner mounting holes.'''



[[Image:Vast_transmitter_layout_component_board.jpg‎ |right|board dims 2]]






'''Here is a pdf file that contains a scale outline that will serve as a template for the display board. You would use this to create your own bezel if you want to dress-up your installation:''' [[http://www.doityourselfchristmas.com/wiki/images/e/e2/FM02_cutout_layout.pdf Bezel Template]]

== Antenna ==

The FM02 has an antenna connection that will look a bit unusual to most folks.
It is known as an '''''SMA''''' type of connector. 
Reference: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMA_connector Wiki entry for SMA connector]

It is important when attaching an antenna/converter/cable to this connector that you do not over-tighten it.
The outer part of this connector is a 'press-fit' part. It is possible to simply defeat the resistance of the press fit and cause this part of the connector to fall off! So, if you use a wrench, be very careful, the connector is rated for INCH Pounds of torque.

Most DIY'ers will want to convert this to the '''''BNC''''' type of connector because BNC components are easier to find.
The converter shown below will correctly hook to the FM02. SMA is the smaller gold colored part of the connector. You can purchase the adapters from [http://www.diyledexpress.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=21&products_id=175 diyledexpress.com] or from [http://www.ebay.com/itm/SMA-Male-Plug-to-BNC-Female-Radio-Antenna-RF-Coaxial-Connector-Adapter-NEW-/291294771238 ebay].

[[Image:FM02_sma_to_BNC_converter.jpg |center|smatobnc]]


''' You will need to buy or make an antenna. There are MANY different designs for antennas. A large number of DIYers have made a type of antenna known as a dipole. This is an easy to make antenna that will serve almost anyone's needs. Here is a link to a pdf with instructions to make your own:
[http://www.doityourselfchristmas.com/wiki/images/a/a7/How_to_make_a_dipole_antenna.pdf How to Make a Dipole Antenna] 

'''More recently, DIYC member Jhinkle published a paper for an antenna design that is easier to build with very good transmission characteristics.''' 
Here is the link to a posting on the subject.
[http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/showthread.php?20264-1-4-Wave-Verticle-Antenna-for-the-FM-02&p=205469#post205469 DIYC discussion thread] 
You can go directly to the excellent design and build paper at this link:
[http://www.joehinkle.com/DownLoad/Antenna%20Design%20for%20FM.pdf pdf paper for a ground plane antenna]

== What Frequency to Use ==

This is real simple, go to this website and find a frequency that is unused.
If there are no unused frequency's, then pick one that is not very powerful and
get your radio out and check it out. If you can't pick up any radio stations at your house, odds
are no one will complain when you start broadcasting on that frequency. 
NOTE: There are seasonal radio stations. A open frequency in June may be used in December. You should plan accordingly.

'''
http://www.radio-locator.com/ '''

== Where can I get one of these wonderful FM transmitters ? ==

NB: Vastelec told U.S. distributors in January 2015 that it would no longer manufacture FM02 transmitters. New old stock and used FM02s may be available.

They are usually stocked at [http://www.diyledexpress.com/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=21 DIYLEDExpress]

They are usually stocked at [http://radiant-holidays.com/radiant_holidays/index.php?main_page=index&manufacturers_id=4 Radiant Holidays].(Was WLC Ventures)

These come up as group buys on the [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/forumdisplay.php?18-Group-Buys DIYC forum] from time to time.

They have also been seen for sale on eBay from seller: [http://www.ebay.com/usr/vastelec Vastelec] or user HLLY.

== RDS hookup information ==

'''This section involves modifying your FM02.'''

'''If you do this, you void the warranty.'''

Here is a picture of hooking the pira mini-RDS unit up to an FM02

The green spot on the PCB is the RDS data hookup point.

The red spot is a section of the PCB that was scrapped away revealing the copper.
This is used a a soldering point for the ground.

[[Image:FM02_RDS_connection.jpg |center|fm02rds]]

Another View of the GREEN RDS connection spot:
Notice, the insert showing the full schematic of the hookup.
Two capacitors are needed as noted. (220 picofarad and 22 picofarad)
The resistor can be any value within the range noted.

[[Image:FM02_RDS_picture_diagram.jpg |center|fm02rds]]

[[Image:RDS_hookup_diagram.jpg |center|hookupdetail]]

Pira Mini-RDS hookup diagram:

[[Image:Standard_RDS_Connection.jpg |center|minirdshookupdetail]]

'''Additional Modifications'''


This optional modification is noted on the pira mini-RDS datasheet, but not implemented on the mini-RDS board from pira:

You can add a status LED to the mini-RDS board between pin 1 and ground, with a 2.2k Ohm resistor.

It blinks +- once per second when on, and really fast / almost steady on when transmitting RDS data to the transmitter...

.

== Why you should care about the transmitting power of your transmitter (FCC regulations)==

It's real simple: Do not transmit on a channel that is already in use by a commercial entity that can be heard in your location.
The easiest way to do that is to not buy more transmitter then you need.

That is why the FM02 is such a good choice. Below is the official FCC (USA) verbiage discussing low power FM transmissions.

Did you know if you use an FM transmitter the FCC can inspect your transmitter at any time without a search warrant?!! It's true.
If the FCC finds you operating equipment that is in violation, you must give them your transmitter so they can destroy it ! If you don't, you will face a large fine.
Read through this FCC website discussing the use of an FM transmitter as an 'unlicensed' operator.
Click here: [http://transition.fcc.gov/eb/otherinfo/inspect.html FCC information for unlicensed operators]

''"'''FCC REGULATIONS FOR THE NON LICENSED OPERATION OR RADIO BROADCASTING'''"

PART15:

Unlicensed operation on the AM and FM radio broadcast bands is permitted for some extremely low powered devices covered under Part 15 of the FCC's rules. On FM frequencies, these devices are limited to an effective service range of approximately 200 feet (61 meters). See 47 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) Section 15.239, and the July 24, 1991 Public Notice. On the AM broadcast band, these devices are limited to an effective service range of approximately 200 feet (61 meters). See 47 CFR Sections 15.207, 15.209, 15.219, and 15.221. These devices must accept any interference caused by any other operation, which may further limit the effective service range. For more information on Part 15 devices, please see OET Bulletin No. 63 ("Understanding the FCC Regulations for Low-Power, Non-Licensed Transmitters").''

The good folks at RAMSEY have even more detail on their website at: [http://www.ramseyelectronics.com/resource/default.asp?page=fcc FCC rules information regarding transmitter strength]

== Ways to improve the sound quality for Advanced Users ==

'''Please note: This should be considered an advanced modification. There are hundreds of FM02 in use by the DIYC community and the vast majority use them without this modification.'''

Some folks want to create the best possible quality sound from their transmitters.
It is possible to hear a small 'shhhhhhhhh-ing' sound in the background of the transmitted sound.

The "shhhhh" issue is not a power supply problem, or audio source problem. The problem is the 19Khz pilot level on the BH1415 chip.

I recommend everyone download the BH1415 data sheet and look at the chip's block diagram and pin layout in order to follow along in solving this "shhhhh" problem.

Pin 19 is the 19Khz pilot tone level. By default, this pin is at a high capacitance state when left open. This pin adjusts the 19Khz pilot level. When it is left unconnected, the pilot level is 30+ percent above the standard 10 percent of modulating the carrier. If the pin is connected to a surface chip cap, this cap may be open or has changed value thus the 19Khz level is still too high.

In order to correct this, a proper modulation monitor or O-scope capable of 100Mhz or more will be needed to adjust properly.

The best capacitor value I have found that brings the 19Khz pilot level down to its standard 10 percent level is a 220pF. The pilot rides at around 11.3 percent. A far cry from the 30+ percent.

Connect the capacitor between Pin 19 of the BH1415 chip and ground.

[[Image:BH1415_block_diagram.jpg |center|fm02block]]

Do not run your FM02 unit at a reduced voltage to correct this shhhhhhing. This only drops the mean voltage feeding the chip and thus drops the chips ability to function correctly. By turning down the operating voltage, that is one way to reduce that hissing pilot level, but your also reducing the correct operating voltage for not just the FM chip, but the microprocessor, the PLL, the display, the final RF amp, the whole thing, not to mention reduced range and added distortions in the audio paths within the TX and FM chip itself.

A good example of this is taking a portable battery operated radio and put a weak battery in it and hear how distorted and low volume the audio is compared to a fresh correct voltage battery. The same happens to the FM02 when power is reduced to try to solve the hissing. It is not solving it at all, it is merely "covering it up" but it is still there and will always be there until the pilot level is correctly adjusted.

The reason why some transmitters using the BH1415 chip have the hissing is because the pilot is left to run wild so that at further distances the stereo transmission will still be received at those greater distances than it would be when the pilot is adjusted to standard. So moral here is either hassy hissy stereo at a distance, or excellent clean smooth sounding stereo audio within the intended range of these low power devices. I would go with the latter because all that hissing over driven pilot level is also decreasing your carrier power and reducing your range anyway.

'''Specifics about the Modification'''

I used a plain ol ceramic disc cap, clipped the leads so they would be short but long enough to allow folding of the capacitor on its side so it rests on the board.

Now on some designs and board layouts, Pin 19 has solder on it, it is soldered to the foil pad on the board, and nothing else. Others have a chip capacitor from Pin 19 to ground, and a few of those have too high a value of capacitor for the proper pilot level.

Solder one lead of the cap to Pin 19 at it's very end to avoid over-heating the pin. Then solder the other end of the capacitor to a nearby ground on the board. If necessary you can run a short wire for the ground connection to the 220pf capacitor.

Use an iron no greater than a 15 watt or over-heating of the pin will result and possibly damage the FM chip.

Also note that the lead of the capacitor that connects to Pin 19 MUST be short as possible. If this lead is too long, it will pick up and inject clock pulse noise onto the pilot carrier. Secure the capacitor with a dab of silicone or putty.

 
[[Category:DIYC Index]]

Talk:Waterproofing Pixels

2015-02-07T01:42:27Z

Dmcole: Created page with "Do we have Jim St. John's permission to use this rather long excerpt from his site?"

Do we have Jim St. John's permission to use this rather long excerpt from his site?

Waterproofing Pixels

2015-02-07T01:39:47Z

Dmcole: /* Need for Waterproofing */

=Disclaimers=
The standard disclaimers pertaining to the information contained on this wiki page are listed [[Disclaimers | here.]] 

=Need for Waterproofing=
Over the last few years there have been many different types of pixel nodes coming from China. The waterproofing on the pixels vary from manufacturer to manufacturer. While many claim to have pixels with an [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/wiki/index.php?title=Waterproofing_Pixels#Understanding_IP_Ratings IP68] rating (the highest) those claims are often exaggerated. Recent construction techniques like epoxy resin molded bodies have helped to make the units more waterproof, however the quality of the nodes often vary. The biggest weakness is where the wires enter the back of the pixels and how it is sealed. Silicone injection molded pixels have frequently had water leakage issues. The water can find its way into the pixel via flexing of the wires or simply by wicking up the wires due to temperature changes. Failure to properly waterproof pixel nodes can result in their destruction due to water damage. 
[[File:2801pixelback1.jpg|300px]] [[File:Badpixel1.jpg|200px]]
 

[http://www.sandevices.com Sandevices.com] the manufacturer of the [http://www.sandevices.com/E681info.html E680-E682] Pixel Controllers has the following [http://www.sandevices.com/documents/An%20Introduction%20to%20RGB%20Pixels.pdf note] on its website that explains the issues with pixel nodes. 

<blockquote>"There are additional considerations for outdoor displays. The first is waterproofing. Bear in mind these comments refer to the popular Chinese‐made pixel strings. First, it’s important to understand the original purpose of these pixels. They were designed to be installed in digital signs, pushed in from the back of the faceplate of the sign, in a pretty closely spaced grid. So, they are relatively waterproof, as in designed for outdoor use, but there originally intended application doesn’t subject them to direct rain or snow because they are pretty‐much shielded by the sign enclosure.

The weak spot is that there are two sets of wires going into each pixel, two 3 or 4‐conductor flat cables. These two flat cables are just pressed against each other and they enter the pixel through a single hole in the silicone. The problem is that there is no silicone between the two sets of wires, and this not only creates a potential entry point for moisture, with a ‘hanging’ string, the weight of the string will tend to pull the silicone apart slightly, allowing a larger path for water entry. Some pixels are made from a pretty stiff silicone, others are made from silicone that’s a lot more flexible. Those made from the stiffer silicone are probably more inherently waterproof, but those made of the softer stuff do lend themselves to some additional waterproofing by a quick shot of hot melt glue between the two sets of wires. The silicone is soft enough that you can just jam the tip of the glue gun in, forcing the wires apart a bit, then you shoot in a dab of glue, and when you remove the gun the silicone snaps back and seals everything up tightly. I personally ran 40 strings of pixels this year, about 20 of each type. I did do the hot‐melt glue waterproofing of the softer pixels. All strings survived the season."</blockquote> 
 

=Waterproofing Techniques=
The common methods of waterproofing pixel nodes are:
# Dip the entire node string in a bucket of Clear UV resistant [http://www.plastidip.com/home_solutions/Plasti_Dip Plasti Dip] coating that has been thinned down with a [http://www.plastidip.com/industrial_solutions/F740_Thinner solvent]. See the [https://vimeo.com/18358717 video] for a demonstration by [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/member.php?56-RJ RJ].
# Inject [http://www.plastidip.com/home_solutions/Liquid_Tape Liquid Tape] into the back of each pixel node with a syringe. See the [https://vimeo.com/12869885 video] for a demonstration by [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/member.php?772-aussiephil aussiephil].
# Apply [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_glue Hot Glue] to the back of the pixel nodes between and around the two flat cables.
# Apply [http://www.caulkyourhome.com/ge-silicone-II-window-and-door.php GE Silicone II Clear Window and Door Silicone Caulk] to the back of the pixel nodes between and around the two flat cables.
 
'''Avoid supporting pixel node strings by their own wire alone.''' Hanging the pixel node strings without support pulls the wires apart in the back of the node and it makes it easier for water to enter them. Common methods of supporting the pixel node strings include: attaching them to plastic strapping made for shipping boxes, attaching them to paracord or attaching them to PVC frames. Some people have recommended putting a small plastic cable tie around the wires where they enter the pixel to keep them from pulling apart. 
 
[http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/showthread.php?25433-Silicone-and-other-sealants-on-electrical-connections Here] is a good thread about how different materials hold up after exposure to weather.

=Waterproofing Pixels Videos=
There are several videos of different methods to waterproof pixels. 
[https://vimeo.com/18358717 Plasti Dip] Diping Pixel strings in Clear Plastidip 
[https://vimeo.com/12869885 Liquid Tape] Injecting Liquid Tape into the back of Pixel Nodes 

=Waterproofing Electrical Connections=
Here is a interesting [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/showthread.php?25433-Silicone-and-other-sealants-on-electrical-connections thread] about different sealants for electrical connections on pixels. It has photos and discussion about effects of weathering on the various sealants.

=Waterproofing Supplies=
The following supplies are available from numerous vendors including [http://www.awarehousefull.com/ A WarehouseFull] and [http://www.mcmaster.com/ McMaster-Carr]. 
[http://www.plastidip.com/home_solutions/Plasti_Dip Clear UV Resistant Plasti Dip] 
[http://www.plastidip.com/home_solutions/Liquid_Tape Liquid Tape] 
[http://www.plastidip.com/industrial_solutions/F740_Thinner Solvent to thin coatings] 
[http://www.mcmaster.com/#syringes Syringe to inject into back of nodes] 
[http://www.homedepot.com/webapp/catalog/servlet/Search?catalogId=10053&keyword=GE5000%2024C GE Silicone II Window & Door Clear Silicone Caulking] (Only use Silicone II which is [http://www.caulkyourhome.com/frequently-asked-questions.php#prod_9 Neutral Cure] not Silicone I which is Acid Cure!) 
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_glue Hot Glue] 
 
 

=Understanding IP Ratings=
Items can be rated based on a standard classification system called an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_Code IP Rating]. IP stands for [http://www.ce-mag.com/archive/06/ARG/bisenius.htm Ingress Protection]. While many Chinese manufacturers claim various IP Ratings, many people are suspect of the ratings claimed. 
 
The IP Rating is a two digit number, like IP68. The first number is a measure of the physical protection the unit provides to solid objects. The second number provides a measure of the protection from liquids. 

==Solid particle protection==
The first digit indicates the level of protection that the enclosure provides against access to hazardous parts (e.g., electrical conductors, moving parts) and the ingress of solid foreign objects.

{| class="wikitable" border=1
! Level || Object size protected against || Effective against
|-
! 0
| — || No protection against contact and ingress of objects
|-
! 1
| >50 mm || Any large surface of the body, such as the back of a hand, but no protection against deliberate contact with a body part
|-
! 2
| >12.5 mm || Fingers or similar objects
|-
! 3
| >2.5 mm || Tools, thick wires, etc.
|-
! 4
| >1 mm || Most wires, screws, etc.
|-
! 5
| Dust protected || Ingress of dust is not entirely prevented, but it must not enter in sufficient quantity to interfere with the satisfactory operation of the equipment; complete protection against contact
|-
! 6
| Dust tight || No ingress of dust; complete protection against contact
|}

==Liquid ingress protection==
The second digit indicates the level of Protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against harmful ingress of water.

{| class="wikitable" border=1
! Level
! width="120px" | Protected against
! Testing for
! width="250px" | Details
|-
! 0
| Not protected || — || —
|-
! 1
| Dripping water || Dripping water (vertically falling drops) shall have no harmful effect. || Test duration: 10 minutes 
Water equivalent to 1mm rainfall per minute 
|-
! 2
| Dripping water when tilted up to 15° || Vertically dripping water shall have no harmful effect when the enclosure is tilted at an angle up to 15° from its normal position. || Test duration: 10 minutes 
Water equivalent to 3mm rainfall per minute
|-
! 3
| Spraying water || Water falling as a spray at any angle up to 60° from the vertical shall have no harmful effect. || Test duration: 5 minutes 
Water volume: 0.7 litres per minute 
Pressure: 80–100 kPa
|-
! 4
| Splashing water || Water splashing against the enclosure from any direction shall have no harmful effect. || Test duration: 5 minutes 
Water volume: 10 litres per minute 
Pressure: 80–100 kPa
|-
! 5
| Water jets || Water projected by a nozzle (6.3 mm) against enclosure from any direction shall have no harmful effects. || Test duration: at least 3 minutes 
Water volume: 12.5 litres per minute 
Pressure: 30 kPa at distance of 3m
|-
! 6
| Powerful water jets || Water projected in powerful jets (12.5 mm nozzle) against the enclosure from any direction shall have no harmful effects. || Test duration: at least 3 minutes 
Water volume: 100 litres per minute 
Pressure: 100 kPa at distance of 3m
|-
! 7
| Immersion up to 1 m || Ingress of water in harmful quantity shall not be possible when the enclosure is immersed in water under defined conditions of pressure and time (up to 1 m of submersion). || Test duration: 30 minutes 
Immersion at depth of 1m
|-
! 8
| Immersion beyond 1 m || The equipment is suitable for continuous immersion in water under conditions which shall be specified by the manufacturer. Normally, this will mean that the equipment is hermetically sealed. However, with certain types of equipment, it can mean that water can enter but only in such a manner that it produces no harmful effects. || Test duration: continuous immersion in water 
Depth specified by manufacturer
|}

=Related Links=

[[Different Styles of Pixels]] 
[[Controllers]] 
[[Dumb RGB or Intelligent Pixels??]] 
[[Things You Will Need To Get Started With Pixels]] 
[[Pixel Wiring Colors]] 
[[Pixel Connectors]] 
[[Choosing a Pixel Voltage: 5V vs 12V]] 
[[Power Supplies]] 
[[Power Injection]] 
[[Null Pixels]] 
[[E1.31_(Streaming-ACN)_Protocol|E1.31 Network Setup and Configuration]]

[[Category:RGB]]
[[Category:Pixel]]

Waterproofing Pixels

2015-02-07T01:38:39Z

Dmcole: /* Need for Waterproofing */

=Disclaimers=
The standard disclaimers pertaining to the information contained on this wiki page are listed [[Disclaimers | here.]] 

=Need for Waterproofing=
Over the last few years there have been many different types of pixel nodes coming from China. The waterproofing on the pixels vary from manufacturer to manufacturer. While many claim to have pixels with an [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/wiki/index.php?title=Waterproofing_Pixels#Understanding_IP_Ratings IP68] rating (the highest) those claims are often exaggerated. Recent construction techniques like epoxy resin molded bodies have helped to make the units more waterproof, however the quality of the nodes often vary. The biggest weakness is where the wires enter the back of the pixels and how it is sealed. Silicone injection molded pixels have frequently had water leakage issues. The water can find its way into the pixel via flexing of the wires or simply by wicking up the wires due to temperature changes. Failure to properly waterproof pixel nodes can result in their destruction due to water damage. 
[[File:2801pixelback1.jpg|300px]] [[File:Badpixel1.jpg|200px]]
 

[http://www.sandevices.com Sandevices.com] the manufacturer of the [http://www.sandevices.com/E681info.html E680-E682] Pixel Controllers has the following [http://www.sandevices.com/documents/An%20Introduction%20to%20RGB%20Pixels.pdf note] on its website that explains the issues with pixel nodes. 

<blockquote>"There are additional considerations for outdoor displays. The first is waterproofing. Bear in mind these comments refer
to the popular Chinese‐made pixel strings. First, it’s important to understand the original purpose of these pixels. They
were designed to be installed in digital signs, pushed in from the back of the faceplate of the sign, in a pretty closely spaced
grid. So, they are relatively waterproof, as in designed for outdoor use, but there originally intended application
doesn’t subject them to direct rain or snow because they are pretty‐much shielded by the sign enclosure.

The weak spot is that there are two sets of wires going into each pixel, two 3 or 4‐conductor flat cables. These two flat
cables are just pressed against each other and they enter the pixel through a single hole in the silicone. The problem is
that there is no silicone between the two sets of wires, and this not only creates a potential entry point for moisture, with
a ‘hanging’ string, the weight of the string will tend to pull the silicone apart slightly, allowing a larger path for water entry.
Some pixels are made from a pretty stiff silicone, others are made from silicone that’s a lot more flexible. Those made
from the stiffer silicone are probably more inherently waterproof, but those made of the softer stuff do lend themselves
to some additional waterproofing by a quick shot of hot melt glue between the two sets of wires. The silicone is soft
enough that you can just jam the tip of the glue gun in, forcing the wires apart a bit, then you shoot in a dab of glue, and
when you remove the gun the silicone snaps back and seals everything up tightly. I personally ran 40 strings of pixels this
year, about 20 of each type. I did do the hot‐melt glue waterproofing of the softer pixels. All strings survived the season."</blockquote> 
 

=Waterproofing Techniques=
The common methods of waterproofing pixel nodes are:
# Dip the entire node string in a bucket of Clear UV resistant [http://www.plastidip.com/home_solutions/Plasti_Dip Plasti Dip] coating that has been thinned down with a [http://www.plastidip.com/industrial_solutions/F740_Thinner solvent]. See the [https://vimeo.com/18358717 video] for a demonstration by [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/member.php?56-RJ RJ].
# Inject [http://www.plastidip.com/home_solutions/Liquid_Tape Liquid Tape] into the back of each pixel node with a syringe. See the [https://vimeo.com/12869885 video] for a demonstration by [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/member.php?772-aussiephil aussiephil].
# Apply [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_glue Hot Glue] to the back of the pixel nodes between and around the two flat cables.
# Apply [http://www.caulkyourhome.com/ge-silicone-II-window-and-door.php GE Silicone II Clear Window and Door Silicone Caulk] to the back of the pixel nodes between and around the two flat cables.
 
'''Avoid supporting pixel node strings by their own wire alone.''' Hanging the pixel node strings without support pulls the wires apart in the back of the node and it makes it easier for water to enter them. Common methods of supporting the pixel node strings include: attaching them to plastic strapping made for shipping boxes, attaching them to paracord or attaching them to PVC frames. Some people have recommended putting a small plastic cable tie around the wires where they enter the pixel to keep them from pulling apart. 
 
[http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/showthread.php?25433-Silicone-and-other-sealants-on-electrical-connections Here] is a good thread about how different materials hold up after exposure to weather.

=Waterproofing Pixels Videos=
There are several videos of different methods to waterproof pixels. 
[https://vimeo.com/18358717 Plasti Dip] Diping Pixel strings in Clear Plastidip 
[https://vimeo.com/12869885 Liquid Tape] Injecting Liquid Tape into the back of Pixel Nodes 

=Waterproofing Electrical Connections=
Here is a interesting [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/showthread.php?25433-Silicone-and-other-sealants-on-electrical-connections thread] about different sealants for electrical connections on pixels. It has photos and discussion about effects of weathering on the various sealants.

=Waterproofing Supplies=
The following supplies are available from numerous vendors including [http://www.awarehousefull.com/ A WarehouseFull] and [http://www.mcmaster.com/ McMaster-Carr]. 
[http://www.plastidip.com/home_solutions/Plasti_Dip Clear UV Resistant Plasti Dip] 
[http://www.plastidip.com/home_solutions/Liquid_Tape Liquid Tape] 
[http://www.plastidip.com/industrial_solutions/F740_Thinner Solvent to thin coatings] 
[http://www.mcmaster.com/#syringes Syringe to inject into back of nodes] 
[http://www.homedepot.com/webapp/catalog/servlet/Search?catalogId=10053&keyword=GE5000%2024C GE Silicone II Window & Door Clear Silicone Caulking] (Only use Silicone II which is [http://www.caulkyourhome.com/frequently-asked-questions.php#prod_9 Neutral Cure] not Silicone I which is Acid Cure!) 
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_glue Hot Glue] 
 
 

=Understanding IP Ratings=
Items can be rated based on a standard classification system called an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_Code IP Rating]. IP stands for [http://www.ce-mag.com/archive/06/ARG/bisenius.htm Ingress Protection]. While many Chinese manufacturers claim various IP Ratings, many people are suspect of the ratings claimed. 
 
The IP Rating is a two digit number, like IP68. The first number is a measure of the physical protection the unit provides to solid objects. The second number provides a measure of the protection from liquids. 

==Solid particle protection==
The first digit indicates the level of protection that the enclosure provides against access to hazardous parts (e.g., electrical conductors, moving parts) and the ingress of solid foreign objects.

{| class="wikitable" border=1
! Level || Object size protected against || Effective against
|-
! 0
| — || No protection against contact and ingress of objects
|-
! 1
| >50 mm || Any large surface of the body, such as the back of a hand, but no protection against deliberate contact with a body part
|-
! 2
| >12.5 mm || Fingers or similar objects
|-
! 3
| >2.5 mm || Tools, thick wires, etc.
|-
! 4
| >1 mm || Most wires, screws, etc.
|-
! 5
| Dust protected || Ingress of dust is not entirely prevented, but it must not enter in sufficient quantity to interfere with the satisfactory operation of the equipment; complete protection against contact
|-
! 6
| Dust tight || No ingress of dust; complete protection against contact
|}

==Liquid ingress protection==
The second digit indicates the level of Protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against harmful ingress of water.

{| class="wikitable" border=1
! Level
! width="120px" | Protected against
! Testing for
! width="250px" | Details
|-
! 0
| Not protected || — || —
|-
! 1
| Dripping water || Dripping water (vertically falling drops) shall have no harmful effect. || Test duration: 10 minutes 
Water equivalent to 1mm rainfall per minute 
|-
! 2
| Dripping water when tilted up to 15° || Vertically dripping water shall have no harmful effect when the enclosure is tilted at an angle up to 15° from its normal position. || Test duration: 10 minutes 
Water equivalent to 3mm rainfall per minute
|-
! 3
| Spraying water || Water falling as a spray at any angle up to 60° from the vertical shall have no harmful effect. || Test duration: 5 minutes 
Water volume: 0.7 litres per minute 
Pressure: 80–100 kPa
|-
! 4
| Splashing water || Water splashing against the enclosure from any direction shall have no harmful effect. || Test duration: 5 minutes 
Water volume: 10 litres per minute 
Pressure: 80–100 kPa
|-
! 5
| Water jets || Water projected by a nozzle (6.3 mm) against enclosure from any direction shall have no harmful effects. || Test duration: at least 3 minutes 
Water volume: 12.5 litres per minute 
Pressure: 30 kPa at distance of 3m
|-
! 6
| Powerful water jets || Water projected in powerful jets (12.5 mm nozzle) against the enclosure from any direction shall have no harmful effects. || Test duration: at least 3 minutes 
Water volume: 100 litres per minute 
Pressure: 100 kPa at distance of 3m
|-
! 7
| Immersion up to 1 m || Ingress of water in harmful quantity shall not be possible when the enclosure is immersed in water under defined conditions of pressure and time (up to 1 m of submersion). || Test duration: 30 minutes 
Immersion at depth of 1m
|-
! 8
| Immersion beyond 1 m || The equipment is suitable for continuous immersion in water under conditions which shall be specified by the manufacturer. Normally, this will mean that the equipment is hermetically sealed. However, with certain types of equipment, it can mean that water can enter but only in such a manner that it produces no harmful effects. || Test duration: continuous immersion in water 
Depth specified by manufacturer
|}

=Related Links=

[[Different Styles of Pixels]] 
[[Controllers]] 
[[Dumb RGB or Intelligent Pixels??]] 
[[Things You Will Need To Get Started With Pixels]] 
[[Pixel Wiring Colors]] 
[[Pixel Connectors]] 
[[Choosing a Pixel Voltage: 5V vs 12V]] 
[[Power Supplies]] 
[[Power Injection]] 
[[Null Pixels]] 
[[E1.31_(Streaming-ACN)_Protocol|E1.31 Network Setup and Configuration]]

[[Category:RGB]]
[[Category:Pixel]]

Power Injection

2015-02-07T01:33:59Z

Dmcole:

==Intro==
When working with low voltage (5VDC and 12VDC) LEDs and [[Different_Styles_of_Pixels|Pixels]] it is common to have to add power injection to the end of long strings of lights to overcome voltage drop caused by the high current used by the LEDs over the small wire that is commonly used. A classic symptom of the voltage being too low at the end of a pixel string is the pixels may look Pink instead of White when turned on fully White. If the color of the first pixel in a string is different from the last pixel in the string, it is likely due to the voltage drop in the string and the wires supplying it. Other symptoms of too high of a voltage drop in a system are: random flickering, Pixels not responding to signals, and poor color lighting.

Using a formula called [[Ohm%27s_Law#Pixel_Voltage_Drop_Calculator|Ohm's Law]] you can calculate the effect of the voltage drop by entering in the wire size and the power drawn by the LEDs or Pixels. It is important to choose the correct [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/wiki/index.php?title=Power_Supplies#Wire_Sizing_in_Pixel_Systems Wire Size] for your layout to minimize voltage drop. There are online tools like the [http://blinkyflashy.info/calcs/pixpower.php Voltage Drop Calculator] that can assist you in calculating the impact of the wire size vs. power needed. [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/showthread.php?20242-New-tools-for-estimating-pixels-string-voltage-drops&p=205237#post205237 This Thread] discussed how to use the [http://blinkyflashy.info/calcs/pixpower.php Voltage Drop Calculator].

When voltage drops in the system are in the 5-10% range some issues may develop in the Pixels with their color. When the voltage drop exceeds 10-20%, then the Pixels may not respond properly or the color matching can be very poor. It is generally a good idea to test out your layout with the correct size and lengths of wires before installing the Pixels to confirm that the level of voltage drop gives an acceptable performance.

[[File:Pixel voltage drop.png|600px]] 

==Disclaimers==
The standard disclaimers pertaining to the information contained on this wiki page are listed [[Disclaimers | here.]] 
'''THIS WIKI PAGE IS NOT COMPLETE YET AND HAS NOT BEEN CHECKED FOR ERRORS.''' 

==General Concepts==
* Always use the proper size [[Power_Supplies#Fuses|fuses and fuse holders]] to protect your system from damage. Choose a fuse rating based on your [[Power_Supplies#Power_Supply_Current|Pixel current]] requirements.
** Install Fuses between [[Power Supplies]] and [[Controllers]]
** Install Fuses between [[Controllers]] and Pixels or LEDs (If output fuses are not installed on the [[Controllers]])
** Install Fuses between [[Power Supplies]] and Power Injection Wiring.
** Install Fuses anyplace you reduce the wire size to a smaller wire for power distribution.
* Use the largest diameter wire that you can to minimize voltage drop to circuits. The lower [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_wire_gauge AWG wire gauge] numbers are larger diameter wire. #18AWG is thicker than #20AWG.
* DO NOT TIE TOGETHER POSITIVE (V+) OUTPUTS FROM DIFFERENT POWER SUPPLIES!!
* ALWAYS TIE TOGETHER NEGATIVE (V-) OUTPUTS FROM DIFFERENT POWER SUPPLIES AND PIXEL CONTROL SIGNAL FEEDS.
* Only connect one power supply to each LED or Pixel string.
* Using the correct [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/wiki/index.php?title=Power_Supplies#Wire_Sizing_in_Pixel_Systems Wire Size] will often allow you to use up to 50 5VDC Pixels and 100 12VDC Pixels without Power Injection.
* Choose [[Power Supplies]] that have have a high enough [[Power_Supplies#Power_Supply_Current|current rating]] for your system.
* Instead of using a larger wire size, it is possible to run 2 or 3 pairs of wire in parallel to decrease the power drop on longer runs.
* Remember that the voltage drop occurs in both the Positive (V+) and Negative (V-) wires, so you need to increase the size of both wires.
* On dumb RGB with a common Positive (V+) wire, the voltage drop is '''3x''' the drop of the individual RGB wires due to the entire current using the same wire. You must use a larger size wire for the common Positive (V+) wire.
* Using Power Injection at the end of a String nominally reduces the current thru the wire to the beginning of the string in half, since the Power Injection Wires carry roughly half of the current for the string.
* Using Power Injection allows you to use smaller wire (higher AWG) to provide power to the pixels due to the reduced current thru each of the two pairs of wires connected to the Pixel string.
* Using Power Injection allows you to use your Pixels further from the Pixel Controller due to the reduced current thru each of the two pairs of wires connected to the Pixel strings.

* 12V Pixels are less likely than 5V Pixels to need power injection.
* Pixels with 18 AWG wire between the Pixel Nodes are less likely to need Power Injection then those with 20 AWG wire between the Pixel Nodes.

==Pixel System Power Components==
* '''Power Supplies''' [[Power Supplies]] often have an adjustment on them that allow you to slightly raise the output voltage to compensate for minor voltage losses in the wiring. DO NOT adjust the power supply more then +0.3VDC higher then the nominal setting or you risk damaging the electronics on the Pixel Controllers and the Pixels themselves. Power Supplies often come with multiple output [[Power_Supplies#Power_Supply_Connections|terminals]] connected in parallel to a common buss.
* '''Power Supply to Pixel Controller Power Wiring and Fuses''' The output wires from the Power supply that connect to the Pixel Controller carries the highest current of any wire in a Pixel system. It is critical to use the appropriate [[Power_Supplies#Wire_Sizing_in_Pixel_Systems|wire size]] and [[Power_Supplies#Fuses|Fuse]] on this section of wiring. It is common to use 12-14 AWG wire for short distances between the Power Supply and the Pixel Controller mounted in the same [[Enclosures|enclosure]]. The [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/wiki/index.php?title=Enclosures#CG-1500_.28CableGuard_1500_Coax_Demarcation_Enclosure.29 CG-1500] provides a large enclosure that you can mount both a power supply and a controller inside of. A heavy gauge [http://www.mouser.com/ProductDetail/Eagle-Plastic-Devices/441-R347A-GR/?qs=EiTGd8sy9OpCVz%252bKAHQVYA== Fuse Holder] with the proper size fuse should be used when connecting the positive output (V+) between the power supply and the Pixel Controller. Choose a fuse based on the expected maximum [[Power_Supplies#Power_Supply_Current|current usage]] of your pixels.
* '''Pixel Controller''' Many [[Controllers#PIXEL_CONTROLLERS|Pixel Controllers]] like the E682 use multiple power feeds to help cut down the size of the wire needed to feed the power to the board from the power supply. The E682 has two power supply feeds with a common negative (V-) connection between them. Each power feed terminal powers 1/2 of the output terminals. It is possible to drive two different voltage pixels from the two power feeds. The E682 has 5A individual output fuses connected to each output terminal. Generally you should not try to drive more then 50 pixels without using Power Injection due to the current draw being too high for the on board 5A Mini Fuse.
* '''Pixel Controller to Pixel Power Feed Wiring and Fuses''' The wire that runs from your Pixel Controller to your Pixel strings can often cause the biggest issues with voltage drop. It is important to keep these wires as short as possible and as large as possible. The various pixel vendors sell wire that is 18-20AWG and this can drop the voltage quickly over longer distances. When using long lengths of wire( >20ft), it is often necessary to use larger gauge wire (10-16 AWG)to limit the voltage drop.
* '''Pixel Connectors''' Waterproof modular [[Pixel Connectors]] are commonly used to allow easy setup and tear down of display items. The Pixel connectors come with at least two wire sizes, some have 20 AWG and others have 18 AWG wire in the pigtails and cables. The smaller wire (20 AWG) causes a higher voltage drop, but may be fine for short lengths. The [[Pixel_Connectors#Tee|TEE connectors]] can provide a simple modular way to provide power injection and pass control signals between two strings.
* '''Pixel String Wiring''' Pixels commonly come with 18 or 20 AWG wire between the Pixel nodes. The 18 AWG wire is preferred since it results in a lower voltage drop, but the thicker wire is more costly from the vendors. Most vendors will make Pixels available with 18 AWG wire upon request if it is listed as having thinner wire.
* '''Power Supply to End of Pixel String Power Injection Wiring and Fuses''' Because all of the components listed above all lead to some form of voltage drop, it is often necessary to add power injection to the end of the pixel string. By adding the wire from the power supply (or Pixel Controller) to the end of the Pixel string, you dramatically reduce the voltage drop near the end of the Pixel string. You also effectively cut the current drawn thru the wiring from the Pixel controller to the beginning of the string in half because the other half of the current is supplied by the power injection wire. Because these wires are directly connected to the power supply, it is critical that a fuse of the proper size be added inline as close to the power supply as possible. Choose a fuse based on the expected maximum [[Power_Supplies#Power_Supply_Current|current usage]] of your pixels.

==Wire==
When choosing wire for power feed and power injection, the wire size and length are critical. Common wire used for Pixels include larger gauge (10-18 AWG) [http://www.monoprice.com/products/subdepartment.asp?c_id=102&cp_id=10239 Speaker wire], [http://www.homedepot.com/webapp/catalog/servlet/Search?storeId=10051&langId=-1&catalogId=10053&keyword=alarm+wire Security Alarm Wire], [http://www.homedepot.com/webapp/catalog/servlet/Search?storeId=10051&langId=-1&catalogId=10053&keyword=landscape+wire Low voltage landscaping wire], [http://www.homedepot.com/webapp/catalog/servlet/Search?storeId=10051&langId=-1&catalogId=10053&keyword=sprinkler+wire Sprinkler wire], [[SPT_Wire_and_Vampire_Plugs|SPT wire]] and various wire types available from the pixel vendors. You must pay attention to the wire size (thicker is better) and length (shorter is better) to ensure that the voltage drop over the wire is not excessive. For more information about how to calculate the proper wire size needed, look [[Power_Supplies#Wire_Sizing_in_Pixel_Systems|here]]. '''Do not use thin wire (20-26 AWG) like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_5_cable Cat5] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_6_cable Cat6] wire. The [[Power_Supplies#Wire_Sizing_in_Pixel_Systems|voltage drop]] over thin wire is often too high to allow the pixels to operate properly. Thin wire also is a safety hazard and can heat if too high a current is used on it.'''

[[Power_Supplies#Wire_Sizing_in_Pixel_Systems| Wire Sizing in Pixel Systems]] has more information about how to chose the right gauge wire.

==Using Fuses and Fuseholders==
'''DC Power Supplies are capable of putting out hundreds of watts of power and causing serious damage, always use properly sized fuse for safety!'''
Due to the very high current that many power supplies are capable of putting out (>60A) it is a good design concept to use a heavy gauge wire inline fuse holder between the power supply and the controller hookup. The large gauge wire will minimize any voltage drop that may occur in the wire due to high current. The fuse is a safety factor to prevent the full power from the power supply from discharging thru a short circuit and potentially causing a fire. The correct size fuse rating should be selected based on the expected power usage of the units hooked up to the power supply. It is common to use large gauge > 10-14 AWG wire to connect power supplies with high count pixel controllers like the E682. 
*Fuses should be installed in several places:
** Install AC line fuses between your wall outlet and your [[Power Supplies]]
** Install Fuses between [[Power Supplies]] and [[Controllers]]
** Install Fuses between [[Controllers]] and Pixels or LEDs (If output fuses are not installed on the [[Controllers]])
** Install Fuses between [[Power Supplies]] and [[Power Injection]] Wiring.
** Install Fuses anywhere you join a larger wire to a smaller wire for power distribution.

===Fuseholders===
[http://mouser.com Mouser.com] carries several inline weather resistant DC fuseholders that take automotive blade style fuses both ATC and Mini style fuses. You can also find similar fuseholders at [http://www.radioshack.com/product/index.jsp?productId=3150583 Radio Shack], your local auto parts store, [http://www.lowes.com/pd_321955-73694-BP/HHG-RP_0__?productId=3138837 Lowes], [http://www.ebay.com/itm/5-PACK-12-GAUGE-ATC-FUSE-HOLDER-W-FUSE-IN-LINE-AWG-WIRE-COPPER-12-VOLT-BLADE-/281098237438 Ebay], or [http://dx.com/p/add-a-circuit-blade-fuse-holder-with-30a-blade-fuse-black-medium-size-129577 DX.com]. 
[[File:Fuseh.jpg|200px]] 
{| border="1"; cellpadding="10" style="text-align: center; background:black; color:white"
|+ Number of Channels (*)
|colspan="7" align="center" style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| '''Fuseholders'''
|-
!width="60" style="background:#D3D3D3; color:black"| '''Current Rating Up to '''
!width="60" style="background:#D3D3D3; color:black"| '''Wire Size'''
!width="120" style="background:#D3D3D3; color:black"| '''Fuse Type'''
!width="120" style="background:#D3D3D3; color:black"| '''Mouser Part #'''
|-
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 30A
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 12AWG
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| ATC
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| [http://www.mouser.com/ProductDetail/Eagle-Plastic-Devices/441-R347A-GR/?qs=EiTGd8sy9OpCVz%252bKAHQVYA== 441-R347A-GR]
|-
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 30A
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 12AWG
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| ATC
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| [http://www.mouser.com/ProductDetail/Littelfuse/FHAC0002ZXJ/?qs=gm1FTUB0KjtkJAVaRd8RYg== 576-FHAC0002ZXJ]
|-
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 20A
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 14AWG
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| ATC
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| [http://www.mouser.com/ProductDetail/Eagle-Plastic-Devices/441-R347B-GR/?qs=EiTGd8sy9OpIWiMfOBOQPg== 441-R347B-GR]
|-
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 10A
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 18AWG
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| ATC
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| [http://www.mouser.com/ProductDetail/Eagle-Plastic-Devices/441-R359D-GR/?qs=EiTGd8sy9Oo5cIrR44LUJA== 441-R359D-GR]
|-
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 30A
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 12AWG
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| Mini
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| [http://www.mouser.com/ProductDetail/Eagle-Plastic-Devices/441-R360A-GR/?qs=GP7tGcbp1QTczT6lVpve6w== 441-R360A-gr]
|-
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 20A
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 14AWG
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| Mini
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| [http://www.mouser.com/ProductDetail/Eagle-Plastic-Devices/441-R360B-GR/?qs=GP7tGcbp1QQMmU5QTJHSOw== 441-R360B-GR]
|-
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 10A
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 18AWG
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| Mini
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| [http://www.mouser.com/ProductDetail/Eagle-Plastic-Devices/441-R360D-GR/?qs=GP7tGcbp1QS0bASKeHq6DA== 441-R360D-GR]
|}

===Fuses===
Fuses come in two general types:
* AC [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)Line Fuses] to protect equipment plunged in wall outlets (110VAC)
* DC [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_(automotive) Automotive style] fuses to protect wiring and components connected to the DC power supplies. 

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_(automotive) Automotive style] blade fuses come in two types: 
*[http://www.littelfuse.com/data/en/Data_Sheets/Littelfuse_BladeFuse_ATO32V.pdf ATC and ATO fuses] are available with ratings of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40A. 
*[http://www.littelfuse.com/data/en/Data_Sheets/Littelfuse-Automotive-Blade-Fuse-MINI-32V.pdf Mini] fuses are available with ratings of 2, 3, 4, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30A.
[[File:Autofuse.png|200px]]

===Fuse Color Coding===
Blade fuses use a common coloring scheme for the Mini and ATC/ATO styles.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 0 1em 1em; width: 15em;"
|-
! Color !! Current Rating (Amps)
|-align="center"
| bgcolor="black"| Black || 1 A
|-align="center"
| bgcolor="gray"|Gray || 2 A
|-align="center"
| bgcolor="violet"|Violet || 3 A
|-align="center"
| bgcolor="pink"|Pink || 4 A
|-align="center"
| bgcolor="tan"|Tan || 5 A
|-align="center"
| bgcolor="brown"|Brown || 7.5 A
|-align="center"
| bgcolor="red"|Red || 10 A
|-align="center"
| bgcolor="blue"|Blue || 15 A
|-align="center"
| bgcolor="yellow"|Yellow || 20 A
|-align="center"
| Clear || 25 A
|-align="center"
| bgcolor="green"|Green || 30 A
|-align="center"
| bgcolor="bluegreen"|Blue-green || 35 A
|-align="center"
| bgcolor="orange"|Orange || 40 A
|}

===Choosing a Fuse Size===
<blockquote>'''Choose the fuse and fuseholder based on the maximum [[Power_Supplies#Power_Supply_Current|current]] that you expect from your Pixels to draw thru the smallest section of wiring. Choosing the correct fuse size can be a complicated matter with many options. For more detailed information about fuse size or selection look [http://www.littelfuse.com/~/media/files/littelfuse/technical%20resources/documents/product%20catalogs/autofuseology.pdf here] , [http://www.optifuse.com/PDFs/FuseSelectionGuide_RevA.pdf here] , [http://www.cooperindustries.com/content/dam/public/bussmann/Electrical/Resources/solution-center/industrial_control_panels/BUS_Ele_Small_Conductor_Protection.pdf here] and [http://www.bcae1.com/fuses.htm here].''' 

Many Pixel Controllers like the [http://sandevices.com/E681info.html E682], [http://sandevices.com/E6804Info.html E6804] and the [[Renard_PX1_Pixel_Controller|Renard PX1]] have separate output fuses connected to each output connector already on the controller. A common rating for those fuses are 5A. They are generally [http://www.littelfuse.com/data/en/Data_Sheets/Littelfuse-Automotive-Blade-Fuse-MINI-32V.pdf Mini ] fuses. 

'''You MUST use a fuse between high current power supplies and your pixel controller to protect the wiring between the power supply and the pixel controller input.'''</blockquote>

'''General Fuse Rules: '''
'''*FUSES ARE NOT OPTIONAL, THEY MUST BE USED TO PROTECT PEOPLE AND PROPERTY FROM DANGEROUS CONDITIONS! '''
'''*According to [http://www.littelfuse.com/technical-resources/faqs/fuse-ratings.aspx Littlefuse]: "Always follow NEC guidelines for applying low-voltage fuses. Generally, the MINIMUM fuse size should be based on 125% of the circuits full load current. Time-delay fuses should be used for inductive loads and fast-acting fuses used to protect non-inductive loads." '''
'''*The maximum fuse rating should not exceed 1/2 of the maximum current capability of the smallest wire protected by the fuse. '''
'''*Fuses should be placed as close to the power source as possible. '''
'''*Fuse ratings need to be adjusted for temperature and number of conductors in a wiring bundle. '''
'''*Never install a fuse with a larger amp rating than specified for the fuse holder. '''
'''* According to the [http://www.cooperindustries.com/content/dam/public/bussmann/Electrical/Resources/solution-center/industrial_control_panels/BUS_Ele_Small_Conductor_Protection.pdf NEC] the maximum fuse size for the following wire sizes are: '''
'''** 18 AWG Copper Wire 7A '''
'''** 16 AWG Copper Wire 10A '''
'''** 14 AWG Copper Wire 15A '''
'''** 12 AWG Copper Wire 20A '''
'''** 10 AWG Copper Wire 30A '''
'''CHECK WITH AN ELECTRICIAN TO CONFIRM THE APPROPRIATE FUSE RATINGS AND WIRE SIZES!'''

Fuses work by melting the internal element based on the current flowing through the fuse. The time it takes for a fuse to open is dependent upon the amount of current that flows through the fuse and it's rating. The more you exceed the fuse rating by drawing higher current through the fuse, the faster it will blow.
{| border="1"; cellpadding="10" style="text-align: center; background:black; color:white"
|+ Number of Channels (*)
|colspan="7" align="center" style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| '''Fuse Characteristics [http://www.littelfuse.com/data/en/data_sheets/littelfuse_bladefuse_ato32v.pdf ATO Fuse Littelfuse]'''
|-
!width="60" style="background:#D3D3D3; color:black"| '''% of Fuse Rating '''
!width="60" style="background:#D3D3D3; color:black"| '''Current Rating '''
!width="120" style="background:#D3D3D3; color:black"| '''Minimum Opening Time'''
!width="120" style="background:#D3D3D3; color:black"| '''Maximum Opening Time'''
|-
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 100%
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 35-40A
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 100 Hours
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| -
|-
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 110%
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 1-30A
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 100 Hours
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| -
|-
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 135%
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 1-2A 3-40A
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 0.5 Seconds 0.75 Seconds
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 10 Minutes 10 Minutes
|-
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 200%
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 1-2A 3-40A
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 0.1 Seconds 0.15 Seconds
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 5 Seconds 5 Seconds
|-
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 350%
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 1-2A 3-40A
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 0.02 Seconds 0.08 Seconds
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 0.5 Seconds 0.5 Seconds
|-
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 600%
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 1-30A 35-40A
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| - -
|style="background:#FBEC5D; color:black"| 0.1 Seconds 0.15 Seconds
|}
 
Example: A 5A fuse that has 6.75A (135% of rating) flowing through it, will open in sometime between 0.75 Seconds and 10 Minutes. 

==Choosing the Proper Wire Size For Pixel Projects==
Click [[Power_Supplies#Wire_Sizing_in_Pixel_Systems|here]] for information about choosing the correct wire for pixel and power injection wiring.

==Single Power Supply Without Power Injection==
This is a common layout for:
*Shorter Megatrees
*Arches
*[[Renard_PX1_Pixel_Controller|PX1 Controller]] with 50 Pixels connected directly to it

When short (<50 Pixel) Pixel strings (with heavier gauge 18AWG wire between the pixels) are directly connected to a Pixel Controller, or they only have a short length (<10ft) of larger gauge wire (10-18 AWG) connected between the Pixel Controller and the Pixel Strings, you generally do not have to add power injection to the ends of the pixel strings. The system layout would look similar to this:

[[File:Pixelpower-noinjection-2.png|500px]]

==Single Power Supply Power Injection==
It is common to use a larger common power supply for all pixels connected to Pixel Controller like the E682. The central power supply is often located in the same enclosure as the Pixel Controller.
This is a common layout for:
*Tall Megatrees
*Shorter Megatrees with Folded Pixel Strings
*Layouts where the central controller is a distance from the Pixels
*Pixels the have thinner wire (20awg) between them
*Layouts that use thinner wire (18-20awg) from the controller to the Pixels
*Long lines of Pixels
*[[Renard_PX1_Pixel_Controller|PX1 Controller]] with more than 50 Pixels connected directly to it

===<50 Pixel String===
When short (<50 Pixel) Pixel strings (with 18-20AWG wire between the pixels) that have a longer length (>10ft) of medium gauge wire (18-20 AWG) connected between the Pixel Controller and the Pixel Strings, you generally have to add power injection to the ends of the pixel strings. The system layout would look similar to this:

[[File:Pixelpower-injection.png|500px]]

===>50 Pixel String===
When longer (>50 Pixel) Pixel strings (with 18-20AWG wire between the pixels) that have a longer length (>10ft) of medium gauge wire (18-120 AWG) connected between the Pixel Controller and the Pixel Strings, you generally have to add power injection after every 50 Pixels in the string. If you mix wire sizes anywhere along the way, you must add an additional fuse at that point as well to protect the smaller wire. The maximum fuse rating should not exceed 1/2 of the maximum current capability of the smallest wire protected by that fuse. The system layout would look similar to this:

[[File:Pixelpower-injection-100.png|500px]]

When you very long strings (>100Pixels) you should inject power after every 50 Pixels in the string. The system layout would look similar to this:

[[File:Pixelpower-injection-150.png|500px]] 

==Multiple Power Supply Injection==
In some layouts with Pixels located a long distance (>30ft) from the Pixel Controller and the Central Power Supply it is often helpful to use a second Power Supply located closer to the pixels. This eliminates the need for long large gauge wires running long distances to places like roof tops or fence lines.

'''DO NOT CONNECT THE POSITIVE (V+) WIRES BETWEEN MULTIPLE POWER SUPPLIES!!!''' 
'''YOU MUST CONNECT THE NEGATIVE (V-) FROM MULTIPLE POWER SUPPLIES AND THE PIXEL CONTROLLER.'''

===<50 Pixel String===
When short (<50 Pixel) Pixel strings (with 18-20AWG wire between the pixels) that have a longer length (>30ft) of medium gauge wire (18-120 AWG) connected between the Pixel Controller and the Pixel Strings, In some layouts it may be easier to use a second power supply located closer to the pixels and not use the central power supply connected to the Pixel Controller. The system layout would look similar to this:

[[File:Pixelpower-injection-2ndsupply.png|500px]] 

===>50 Pixel String===
When longer (>50 Pixel) Pixel strings (with 18-20AWG wire between the pixels) that have a longer length (>10ft) of medium gauge wire (18-120 AWG) connected between the Pixel Controller and the Pixel Strings, you generally have to add power injection after every 50 Pixels in the string. In some layouts it may be easier to use a second power supply located closer to the pixels and not use the central power supply connected to the Pixel Controller. The system layout would look similar to this:

[[File:Pixelpower-injection-2ndsupply-100.png|500px]] 

When longer (>50 Pixel) Pixel strings (with 18-20AWG wire between the pixels) that have a longer length (>10ft) of medium gauge wire (18-120 AWG) connected between the Pixel Controller and the Pixel Strings, you generally have to add power injection after every 50 Pixels in the string. In some layouts it may be easier to use a second power supply located closer to the pixels to supply power only to the pixels after the first 50 pixels which are powered by the central power supply connected to the Pixel Controller. The system layout would look similar to this:

[[File:Pixelpower-injection-100-2powersupply-2.png|500px]] 

==Power Injection using an TEE==
The diagrams below shows power injection using a waterproof TEE connector. The one described is from DIYLEDEXPRESS. No matter which supplier you use, ALWAYS verify the pin out/color coding due to manufacturing differences/errors to ensure you are connecting your strands correctly.

[[File:Wiring_Diagrams_3_pin.jpg]]

[[File:Wiring_Diagrams_4_pin.jpg]]

==Related Links==

[[Different Styles of Pixels]] 
[[Controllers]] 
[[Dumb RGB or Intelligent Pixels??]] 
[[Things You Will Need To Get Started With Pixels]] 
[[Pixel Wiring Colors]] 
[[Pixel Connectors]] 
[[Choosing a Pixel Voltage: 5V vs 12V]] 
[[Power Supplies]] 
[[Waterproofing Pixels]] 
[[Null Pixels]] 
[[E1.31_(Streaming-ACN)_Protocol|E1.31 Network Setup and Configuration]]

[[Category:RGB]]
[[Category:Pixel]]
[[Category:DIYC Index]]

DMX Designs by RPM

2015-01-19T18:18:21Z

Dmcole: Added 4-port e1.31 bridge

:'''This page was created to provide quick access to information concerning the DMX based designs of [http://www.doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/private.php?do=newpm&u=1269 RPM]'''

{| border="1" cellpadding="10" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|'''[http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/showthread.php?7497-DMX4-SSR-Project DMX4SSR]''' 4 channels on-board SSRs
|[[ Image:DMX4SSR.jpg|300px]]
|-
|'''[http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/showthread.php?12372-DMX16SSR-Project DMX16SSR]''' 16 channels on-board SSRs
|[[ Image:DMX16SSR_PCBOARD.JPG|300px]]
|-
|'''DMX8-DCSSR''' 8 channels on-board Dimmable DC SSRs For LED Portafloods, MiniMighty LED Floods, LED MR16's, etc.
|[[ Image:DMX8-DCSSR-Board.jpg|300px]]
|-
|'''DMX16-DCSSR''' 16 channels on-board Dimmable DC SSRs For LED Portafloods, MiniMighty LED Floods, LED MR16's, etc.
|[[ Image:DMX16SSR_Completed.JPG|300px]]
|-
|'''[[DMX to Grinch/595 convertor |Grinch/595 DMX Dimmer]]''' Provides dimming capability to Grinch and Olsen 595 boards
|[[ Image:Grinch_DMX_Dimmer_V2.jpg|300px]]
|-
|'''USB to DMX Adapter''' (USB to DMX dongle) Enttec USB Pro Compatible
|[[ Image:USBtoDMX.jpg|300px]]
|-
|'''[[RPM 4 Port e1.31 Bridge|RPM 4 Port e1.31 Bridge]]''' E1.31 (Ethernet) to four DMX universes
|[[ Image:E131-TO-DMX.jpg|300px]]
|}

[[Category:DIYC Controllers]]
[[Category:RPMs DMX Designs]]
[[Category:DMX]]
[[Category:DIYC Index]]

10W-RGB-LED-DRIVER

2015-01-19T02:13:21Z

Dmcole: /* Where can I get one of these wonderful boards? */

__FORCETOC__
[[Image:10W RGB Driver Top.jpg|right|Version G2]]

==A Constant Current Driver Board for 10W RGB Modules ==


This circuit board is specifically designed to drive 10W RGB LED modules. 
It has the ability to drive a 10W RGB LED via a 5v DC PWM signal that will allow
dimming of each individual color. 
As a separate LED driving power source is applied to the board, three additional connections are made to the board that can
control the brightness of each color separately.
These connections are typically the 5V DC output pins from a microcontroller. 
This board works with the Ren32/64/48LSD and most RGB strip controllers. 
Mostly through hole, inverted inputs (no software tweaks required,) and off when no signal.
The boards are designed to fit standard 10W LED flood light enclosures.
 

== 10W RGB LED ==
[[Image:10W RGB LED smaller.jpg|right|small]]

This board was specifically designed for a commonly found 10W RGB, common anode, LED.
These square form factor LEDs can be found at many online stores, ebay and aliexpress. 

This board was designed to the dimensions shown in the picture to the right. 

'''Typically characteristics of these LEDs would be:''' 
Color: RGB 
DC Forward Voltage (VF): Red 6-8V, Green 9-12V, Blue 9-12V 
DC Forward current (IF): 300MA 
Output Lumens: Red 120-150LM, Green 200-300LM, Blue 70-100LM 
Wave Length : Red 620-625nm , Green 515-520nm, Blue 455-460nm 
Beam Angel: 140 degrees 
Life span: >50,000 hours 

As you can see from the picture to the right, these LEDs are not very large,
less than 1" square. 
All three colors have a common Anode (+), and separate Cathodes (-) for each color. 
Despite their size, do not be fooled into thinking these are like regular indicator LEDs that you see on circuit boards. 
'''These units can generate enough heat to burn themselves out if not attached to a heatsink.'''

== BOM - Bill of Materials ==
[[Image:10W RGB Driver Bottom.jpg|right|Version G2]]

The BOM for this board uses both surface mount(smd) and through-hole components. 
The only mandatory smd part is the constant current driver IC, the PT4115. 
The board can use either through-hole or smd inductors. The BOM shows through-hole inductors.

'''BOM for 12V DC power input:'''
<pre style="font-size: 10pt">
QTY Board ID Description
3 IC1,IC2,IC3 PT4115 by Powtech: 30V, 1.2A Step-down High Brightness LED Driver with 5000:1 Dimming
3 L1,L2,L3 100uH Inductor, 6x8mm, 500ma
3 T1,T2,T3 Transistor FJN3314R
3 D1,D2,D3 Diode 1N5819
3 R1,R2,R3 Resistor, 1/4 Watt, 0.33 Ohm, 5% or better, carbon or metal film
3 R4,R5,R6 Resistor, 1/4 Watt, 4.7K (4K7) Ohm, 5% or better, carbon or metal film
1 IC4 Voltage Regulator, 5V 78L05
1 C1 Electrolytic Capacitor 100uF 35v (polarized)
1 C2 MLCC Ceramic Capacitor .1uF 50v (monolithic)

</pre>

== Assembly Tips ==
[[Image:10W non groupby version builtup.jpg|right|Version G2]]

Here is an assembly guide created by ''livermore-dad''. 
Click to download -> [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/attachment.php?attachmentid=25900&d=1417025346 Assembly Guide]

This board has only one part that will take some small amount of skill to install, the PT4115. 
While this is an smd part, it can be hand soldered successfully. 
To do so, you will need, some liquid flux. 
This is the only part that really needs the liquid flux, however, you may also find it useful when you solder the LED. 

The LED can be mounted to the top or the bottom of the board. 
It may not seem like much, but this clearance difference can be a key to success when retrofitting this board into a repurposed LED Flood Light assembly.

'''Mounting the LED:''' 
The LED has it's Anodes to the top of the board (near the "10W RGB LED driver" silkscreen) and the Cathodes along the bottom (near the "RobG" silkscreen).

'''Soldering Sequence''' 
This is a pretty simple board with only a few components. 
However, if you do nothing else, solder the PT4115 IC's first. 
After that, simply follow the typical sequence of lowest to tallest components.
Do the resistors, the diodes, the transistors, the capacitors, the inductors and finally the LED.

== Wiring examples ==

'''Note !! This section is under assembly and will be greatly expanded''' 
'''General Notes''' 

The RGB inputs are strictly 5V DC Maximum only. 
So, that is a total of 3 * 5V power sources. 
These do NOT power the LED, they only trigger the IC to do its thing. 
These are labeled (on the back of the board) as: '''PWM/R G B''' 
The board also requires one DC power source to drive the LED. One for the whole board. 
This should be a 1A capable power source. 
This is labeled (on the back of the board) as: '''V+''' 
All of the grounds need to be tied together. Namely, the 5V grounds, the 12V ground and the ground on the board. 
While there are two ground connections on the board, they are indeed tied together and are the same. 
There are two possible attachment points. 
These are labeled (on the back of the board) as: '''GND'''

'''REN48LSD connections''' 
[[Image:10W RGB REN48lsd hookup diagram.jpg|thumb|left|click on the picture for a larger version of the REN48LSD hookup diagram]]

.

== Installation examples ==
[[Image:10W flood installation by livermore dad.jpg|thumb|left|click on the picture for a larger version of installation in a 10W Flood housing]]
[[Image:10w brd mounted.jpg|thumb|right|click on the picture for a larger version of installation in a 10W Flood housing]]

.

== Schematic ==

'''Here is the Schematic diagram as captured from EAGLE.''' 
[[Image:10W schematic.png|thumb|left|click on the picture for a larger version of the REN48LSD hookup diagram]]
[[Image:10W board xray.png|right|]]

.

== Where can I get one of these wonderful boards? ==

This board was created by Robert Gasiorowski.

He has allowed group buys from time to time on DIYC. You can PM '''ukewarrior''' at DIYC to see if there is a group buy in process.

Where there is no group buy in progress, you can usually get this board in a full DIY kit at Rob's Tindie store.
His store can be found at: [https://www.tindie.com/products/RobG/10w-rgb-led-driver-pcb/ Rob's Tindie Store page].

10W-RGB-LED-DRIVER

2015-01-19T02:12:46Z

Dmcole: /* Where can I get one of these wonderful boards? */

10W-RGB-LED-DRIVER

2015-01-19T02:10:33Z

Dmcole: /* Where can I get one of these wonderful boards? */

10W-RGB-LED-DRIVER

2015-01-19T02:09:54Z

Dmcole: /* Where can I get one of these wonderful boards? */

RS485 Splitter

2015-01-02T22:10:56Z

Dmcole: Had the old ChristmasInShirley.com URL for the assembly manual.

The RS485 splitter is a 4-port non-isolated splitter, designed for driving the color stick, but useful for driving any RS485 devices, including DMX or Renard. Please note that there are a number of options that can be selected when building the splitter.

==BOM==
Note that none of the components are critical; feel free to substitute parts with similar ratings. 
From Mouser: 
TS78L05CT|1 
81-GCM188R71H104KA7J|3 
810-C1608X7R1A334K|1 
701-SP485RCN-L|1 
595-AM26LV31ID|1 
301-120-RC|1 
301-100-RC|1 
538-22-03-2021|2 
649-65474-002LF|2 
651-1935161|1 

Optional - for on-board power-on indicator 
301-1.0K-RC|1 
720-LYQ971H1K136|1 
Optional - output connectors, may chose other connectors or hardwire. Add two more if desired for input and passthrough 
22-28-1040|4 
Optional - RJ45 input connector 
571-5520260-4|1 
Optional - if using the RJ45 input connector with the Renard pinout. Not needed for DMX pinout 
301-0-RC|2 

==Schematic==
[http://www.doityourselfchristmas.com/wiki/images/e/e6/Splitter_sch.pdf Schematic (PDF)]

==PCB==
[[File:splitter_front.jpg|300 px]] 
[[File:splitter_back.jpg|300 px]]

==Assembly Manual==
[http://www.doityourselfchristmas.com/wiki/images/f/fc/RS485_Splitter_assembly_instructions.pdf Assembly manual (PDF)]

[[Category:Other Hardware]]
[[Category:How To]]
[[Category:DIYC Index]]

Glossary

2014-10-07T23:25:49Z

Dmcole: /* D */

__NOTOC__

[[#A |A]] [[#B | B]] [[#C | C]] [[#D | D]] [[#E | E]] [[#F | F]] [[#G | G]] [[#H | H]] [[#I | I]] [[#J | J]] [[#K | K]] [[#L | L]] [[#M | M]] [[#N | N]] [[#O | O]] [[#P | P]] [[#Q | Q]] [[#R | R]] [[#S | S]] [[#T | T]] [[#U | U]] [[#V | V]] [[#W | W]] [[#X | X]] [[#Y | Y]] [[#Z | Z]]

==A==
;Amp : Ampere. The basic unit of electrical current. Applying one volt across a one ohm resistor will cause a current of one ampere to flow. The letter 'I' is used to denote current.

;Anode : A positive electrode of an electrochemical device (such as a primary or secondary electric cell) toward which the negative ions are drawn. The semiconductor-diode terminal that is positive with respect to the other terminal when the diode is biased in the forward direction.

;Audacity : An open source (both free to use and source code freely distributed) digital audio manipulation application. It is available for Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and BSD. It can record audio, provide editing functions for shortening the length of audio files or handle mixing, spectrum analysis or change in pitch and/or speed. It imports and exports WAV, AIFF, MP3, FLAC and — with plugins — WMA, AAC, AMR and AC3. With certain plug-ins it can be used to export beats of a piece of music that can be imported into certain sequencing software. It is available at http://audacity.sourceforge.net/ and instructions are at http://wiki.audacityteam.org/.

;AWG : American Wire Gauge. The standards adopted in the United States for the measurement of wire sizes. [http://www.powerstream.com/Wire_Size.htm AWG Chart]
 

==B==

;Base : The region between the emitter and collector of a transistor that receives minority carriers injected from the emitter. The element in a transistor that controls the flow of current carriers. It is the element that corresponds to the control grid of an electron tube.

;Baud : A measurement of data transmission speed based on the number of code elements or units per second.

;BNC : Bayonet Nut Connection. A type of connector typically used on coaxial cables.

;BOM : Bill of Material. A listing all the parts required to assemble a project or to populate a circuit board.

 

==C==

;Capacitor : An electrical component that stores an electric charge and releases it when its needed.

;Cathode : The general name for any negative electrode. The negative terminal of a forward-biased semiconductor diode, which is the source of the electrons.

;Center Tap : A connection made to a point half way along a winding of a transformer or inductor, or along the element of a resistor or a potentiometer.

;Channel : In DIYC, a channel refers to an individual line that can be independently controlled. As an example, the Grinch can control 64 channels, that is 64 independent lines that it can control.

;COOP : A co-operative effort by participating DIYC members to pool their resources together to make a purchase of an item(s) in large quantity in an attempt to reduce the cost to the individual participants.

;Coop Olsen 595 : This light controller is based on the Olsen 595 design. It is a 64 channel controller with basic ON/OFF capabilities. Normally gets its input from the parallel port of the controlling computer. On-board status LED for each channel. Developed by Brian Bresocnik (Macrosill). More info [[64 Channel Olsen 595 Controller Assembly Instructions | here]]. AKA - Brian's Olsen 595 board.

;COOP SSR : A DIYC design for a SSR PCB. Contains circuitry equal to four separate solid state relays. Provides independent control of four channels of lights. Designed by Sean Bowf. AKA - Sean's SSR.

;Coaxial Cable : A cable with one conductor completely surrounded by another conductor, separated by a dielectric. The two conductors being coaxial. Some types of coax cables use multiple conductors surrounding each other. Normally only the inner conductor carries a signal. The outer conductors [Braid] are used as a shield, or grounded. Coaxial Cable is normally used in RF transmission. The term Coaxial is normally shortened to Coax. Types of Coaxial Cable include: RG-6, RG-8, RG-11, RG-58, RG-59.

;Collector : The electrode in a transistor through which a primary flow of carriers leaves the region between the electrodes.

;Continuity : An uninterrupted, complete path for current flow. When checking for continuity you are usually looking for a short.

;Current : The movement of electrons past a reference point. The passage of electrons through a conductor. Measured in amperes.
 

==D==

;dB : decibel. A unit of relative sound or radio transmission intensity.

;Decoupling capacitor : A capacitor that is included in circuits with integrated circuits to insure that overall circuit voltage doesn't dip or spike elsewhere in the circuit due to the demands of the integrated circuit. When the integrated circuit needs a burst of energy, the decoupling capacitor provides the needed energy without causing a drop in the voltage for the rest of the circuit.

;Dielectric : An insulating (nonconducting) medium. A substance in which an electric field may be maintained with zero or near-zero power dissipation, i.e., the electrical conductivity is zero or near zero. An insulator; a term applied to the insulating material between the plates of a capacitor.

;Diode : An electrical device that will allow current to pass in only one direction. Consists of a cathode and an anode. A two-terminal semiconductor device used chiefly as a rectifier.

;DIP : Dual In-line Package. An IC package having two parallel rows of leads. Sometimes called "through-hole package," because holes are drilled in the PC boards and the package is soldered to the board on the side opposite the package.

;Dipole : A basic radio antenna that consists of two elements, each of equal length. The length of the elements is an algorithmic function of the frequency over which the broadcast is being made.

;DIYC : [http://www.doityourselfchristmas.com/| Do It Yourself Christmas.com].

;DMX (or DMX512) : Digital Multiplex. A lighting control protocol standard developed to handle communications between commercial (usually entertainment, such as theater or music events) lighting control boards and the individual devices, such as lekos (elliposoidals), fresnels, moving lights, strip lights or DJ effect lights. DMX allows up to 512 devices to be attached, daisy-chain, to one wire, each controlled individually. More information on DMX is available [[DMX | here]].
 

==E==
;Electrode : The terminal at which electricity passes from one medium into another, such as in an electrical cell where the current leaves or returns to the electrolyte.

;Electrolyte : A solution of a substance that is capable of conducting electricity. An electrolyte may be in the form of either a liquid or a paste.

;Electrolytic Capacitor : A capacitor that normally uses two aluminum foils separated by an insulating paper. The paper and foils are rolled and impregnated with a liquid electrolyte. Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors are polarized, and may be used DC circuits.

;Electrostatic Discharge Sensitive (ESDS) : The level of susceptibility of devices to damage by static electricity, found by classification testing, is used as the basis for assigning an ESDS class. Electronic parts having sensitive characteristics (e.g., thin-layered internal composition) and delicate, miniaturized construction which are susceptible to damage or degradation, in various degrees, from environmental field forces (electrostatic, electromagnetic, magnetic, or radioactive). This susceptibility also extends to the standard electronic modules, printed circuit boards, printed wiring boards, and circuit card assemblies containing one or more of these sensitive electronic parts.

;Emitter : The element in a transistor that emits current carriers (electrons or holes).

;Energized : Electrically connected to a source of potential difference, or electrically charged so as to have a potential significantly different from that of earth in the vicinity. A "live" circuit.

;ESD : Electrostatic Discharge. More info on ESD is available [http://www.interfacebus.com/glossary-of-terms-esd-definition.html here].
 

==F==

;Farad : The basic unit of capacitance. A capacitor has a capacitance of 1 farad when a voltage potential of 1 volt across it produces a charge of 1 coulomb. Most capacitors used on DIYC boards are in the microfarad (labeled mF or uF) or picofarad (labeled pF) range.

;FCC : The Federal Communications Commission. The FCC was established by the Communications Act of 1934 and is charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire (telegraph, telephone), satellite and cable.

;FET : Field-Effect Transistor. A transistor consisting of a source, a gate, and a drain. Current flow is controlled by the transverse electric field under the gate.

;Firmware : A set of instructions (software program) installed into a microprocessor. It provides the necessary instructions for how the device is supposed to operate.

;Flux : A solution or paste that removes surface oxides from metals being soldered.

;Full-Wave Rectifier : A circuit that uses both positive and negative alternations in an alternating current to produce direct current; it changes alternating current to direct current.

;Fuse : A device that has as its critical component a metal wire or strip that will melt when heated by a prescribed (design) amperage, creating an open in the circuit of which it is a part, thereby protecting the circuit from an over current condition. It protects wiring from over-heating and causing fire.
 

==G==

;GFCI : Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter. An electrical safety device installed in a power panel, sub-panel or outlet box that instantly shuts off the electricity when there is an imbalance in the flow of electricity from hot to neutral. This imbalance can indicate that that an individual is getting an electrical shock. A GFCI should be used in all outdoor high-voltage environments (regular household current) and the device should be tested on a regular basis.

;GRINCH : A 64 channel controller with basic ON/OFF capabilities. Normally gets its input from the parallel port of the controlling computer. No status LEDs, inexpensive/simple to build. Developed by Robert Jordan (RJ). More info [[The GRINCH Controller | here]].

;Ground : The point in a circuit used as a common reference point for measuring purposes. To connect some point of an electrical circuit or some item of electrical equipment to earth or to the conducting medium used in lieu thereof.
 

==H==

;Half-Wave Rectifier : A rectifier using only one-half of each cycle to change AC to pulsating DC.

;Heat Shunt : A device (preferably a clip-on type) used to absorb heat and protect heat-sensitive components during soldering.

;Heat Sink : A piece of metal attached to an electronic component (such as triac, transistor, or voltage regulator) that serves to dissipate or absorb unwanted heat. Many electronics components have two ratings, a lower one when a heat sink is not used and a higher one where a heat sink is in place. Also called a dissipator.
 

==I==

;Inductance : The property of a circuit that tends to oppose a change in the existing current flow. The symbol for inductance is L.

;Induction : The act or process of producing voltage and current by the relative motion of a magnetic field across a conductor.

;Insulated : Separated from other conducting surfaces by a dielectric (including air space) offering a high resistance to the passage of current. Note: When any object is said to be insulated, it is understood to be insulated for the conditions to which it is normally subjected. Otherwise, it is, uninsulated.

;Insulation : A material used to prevent the leakage of electricity from a conductor and to provide mechanical spacing or support as protection against accidental contact with the conductor.

;Insulation Resistance : The resistance offered by an insulating material to current leakage.

;Insulator : Material of such low conductivity that the flow of current through it can usually be neglected. A device having high electrical resistance; used for supporting or separating conductors so as to prevent undesired flow of current from the conductors to other objects.

;Integrated Circuit (IC) : A circuit in which many elements are fabricated and interconnected by a single process (into a single chip), as opposed to a "nonintegrated" circuit in which the transistors, diodes, resistors, and other components are fabricated separately and then assembled. Elements inseparably associated and formed on or within a single substrate.

;Inverter : A circuit with one input and one output. Its function is to invert or reverse the input. When the input is high, the output is low, and vice versa. The inverter is sometimes called a NOT circuit, since it produces the reverse of the input.
 

==J==

;Jumper : A short length of wire used to complete a circuit.
 

==K==

 
==L==

;LED : Light Emitting Diode. A solid-state, semiconductor device that converts electrical energy directly into light. LEDs show up in Christmas lighting in two contexts: the first is as a power or signal indicator in controllers or SSRs, while the second is their use as a substitute for incandescent lamps. LED Christmas light strings use about one-tenth the energy of an incandescent lamp and have a crystal-clear color brightness that incandescents cannot achieve.
 

==M==

;Microcontroller : A computer-on-a-chip that emphasizes high integration, low power consumption, self-sufficiency and relatively low cost. Typically, a microcontroller has flash-type read-write memory allowing a programming station (usually called a PIC programmer) to enter in task-specific programs, which can be written in programming languages such as C, C++, BASIC or even in assembly code (which, of course, is the most efficient).

;Mini-lights : Incandescent bulbs that are about 7/32nds of an inch in diameter, they come in strings as short as 35 bulbs and as long as 400 bulbs. Officially known as the T1-3/4, the strings are wired in series and parallel, usually in 50-bulb groups (the 50 bulbs are in series which are then wired parallel to the others, making 100-, 150-, 200-, 250-, 300-, 350- or 400-bulb strings). Pretty universally, strings that are grouped by 50 bulbs can be cut down to 50-bulb strings. Mini-lights that are grouped by 50s use 2.5-volt, 170 mA bulbs, while 35-bulb strings use 3.5-volt bulbs. Mini-light bulbs are traditionally painted with a transparent paint, which can under severe or extended weather begin to chip or fade.

;MOC3023 : A 6-Pin DIP 400V Random Phase Triac Driver Output Optocoupler. It provides both triac driver and optoisolator services in one package.

;MOSFET : A semiconductor device that contains diffused source and drain regions on either side of a P- or N-channel area. Also contains a gate insulated from the channel area by silicon-oxide. Operates in either the depletion or the enhancement mode.

;MOV : Metal Oxide Varistor. A resistor that changes value with applied voltage. A varistor may also be called a VDR [Voltage Dependent Resistor]. Varistors will have a negative voltage coefficient. MOV devices are used in parallel with the load.

;Multimeter : A single meter combining the functions of an ammeter, a voltmeter, and an ohmmeter.
 

==N==

;NPN : A type of transistor; it is formed by introducing a thin region of P-type material between two regions of N-type material.
 

==O==

;Ohm : The unit of electrical resistance. That value of electrical resistance through which a constant potential difference of 1 volt across the resistance will maintain a current flow of 1 ampere through the resistance.

;Ohm's Law : The current in an electrical circuit is directly proportional to the electromotive force in the circuit. The most common form of the law is E = IR, where E is the electromotive force or voltage across the circuit, I is the current flowing in the circuit, and R is the resistance of the circuit.

;Olsen 595 : This is a popular light controller based on an approach first popularized on the [http://computerchristmas.com ComputerChristmas] and/or [http://planetchristmas.com PlanetChristmas] forums by Peter Olsen. In its first incarnation it used 8-bit 74HC595 logic chips, often with external buffers. More info on the original Olsen 595 design can be found [http://computerchristmas.com/christmas/link-how_to/HowToId-25/Build_a_1024_Port_Controller_for_100 here].

;Open or Open Circuit : The condition of an electrical circuit caused by the breaking of continuity of one or more conductors of the circuit; usually an undesired condition. A circuit that does not provide a complete path for the flow of current.

;Optoisolator (opto, optocoupler) : A semiconductor device that allows signals to be transferred between circuits or systems, while keeping those circuits or systems electrically isolated from each other. In its simplest form, an optoisolator consists of an light-emitting diode (LED), IRED (infrared-emitting diode), or laser diode for signal transmission, and a photosensor for signal reception.

;Oscillator : A device that produces electrical oscillations at a frequency determined by its unique physical characteristics.
 

==P==

;Parallel Port : A port through which two or more data bits are passed simultaneously, such as all the bits of an 8-bit byte, and that requires as many input channels as the number of bits that are to be handled simultaneously. Typically found on a computer and used as the printer port.

;PCB : Printed Circuit Board. An electronics board that contains layers of circuitry that connect the various components of a system. A PCB can be mass manufactured or can be "home etched," where a hobbyist transfers the design of the PCB to a copper-clad board, uses caustic chemicals to etch away the areas not needed and then drills the holes him or herself.

;PIC : A registered trademark name for microcontrollers produced by Microchip Technology Inc. At DIYC, PIC has become a generic term for microcontrollers.

;Pixel : A term traditionally used in computer graphics to identify a picture element, it has been adapted by the Christmas-lights community to refer to a tri-color (red-green-blue) LED that has an internal controller and is manufactured as a string, a strip (either rigid or flexible) or as modules. Pixels require three channels of sequencing software each, so 10 pixels are 30 channels and 50 pixels are 150 channels. Pixels can be based on any of a variety of controllers, including the TM18xx series, the LPD-6803, the WS2801, the 3001 and the GE ColorEffects chips. Further, pixels can be driven at either 5-volts or 12-volts DC and can have a variety of color orders. For strings, strips or modules of pixels to interoperate, they must have the same controller chip, the same voltage and the same color order (which usually means they must have the exact same manufacturer).

;Polarity : The condition in an electrical circuit by which the direction of the flow of current can be determined. Usually applied to batteries and other direct voltage sources. Two opposite charges, one positive and one negative.

;Potentiometer : A variable resistor having a terminal connected to each end of a resistive element and a third terminal connected to a wiper contact. The output is a voltage that is variable depending upon the position of the wiper contact.

;Power : The rate of doing work or the rate of expending energy. The unit of electrical power is the watt.

;Programmer : A device that connects a personal computer to a microcontroller. Used to download software (firmware) from the PC to the microcontroller.

;Protocol : A formal set of conventions governing the format and control of interaction between the computer and attached hardware.

;Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) : Pulse modulation in which the duration of the pulses is varied by the modulating voltage. A useful technique for dimming lights.
 

==Q==

 

==R==

;Regulator : The section in a basic power supply that maintains the output of the power supply at a constant level in spite of large changes in load current or input line voltage.

;Relay : An electromagnetic device with one or more sets of contacts that change position by the magnetic attraction of a coil to an armature.

;Renard : A unique serial communication protocol developed solely for allowing Vixen to communicate to DIYC light controllers. Also applies to the dimming firmware used by many DIYC light controllers.

;Resistance : The opposition a device or material offers to the flow of current. The effect of resistance is to raise the temperature of the material or device carrying the current. A resistance of 1 ohm will allow a current of 1 ampere to flow through it when a potential of 1 volt is applied.

;Resistor : An electrical component that offers resistance to the flow of current. It may be a coil of fine wire or a composition rod.

;RJ-45 (or RJ45) : Registered Jack 45. A data plug or jack standard that allows for the connection of eight wires. It is similar to the modular plug on telephones (which are usually RJ11), though bigger. It is commonly used in Ethernet cabling and so its components (cable, female connectors, male connectors) are readily available and inexpensive.

;RoHS : Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive. A directive by the European Union that is designed to keep harmful chemicals and materials to a minimum. It is used by electronics manufacturers to denote components that meet the EU requirements.

;RS232 : A telecommunications protocol, Recommended Standard 232 was originally designed to connect teletypes with modems; it has survived to this day as the way computer serial ports send out data. RS232 is implemented in a variety of connectors, but is most commonly seen in the DB9 and DB25 devices. It uses nine wires and supports transmitted data, received data, request to send, carrier detect and ring indicator. It is used in Christmas lights by as the physical layer between PC serial ports and Christmas lights controllers.

;RS485 : A telecommunications protocol, Recommended Standard 485 is typically used in building automation, the programming of logic controllers, sound system control, lighting control and video surveillance camera control. It is a two-wire system that uses a differential form of signaling that supports the transmission of data packets. It can be used over a long distance and supports multi-point connections. It is used in Christmas lights as a distribution system for light controllers signaling devices, sometimes using the DMX512 protocol.
 

==S==

;Schematic : A diagram which shows, by means of graphic symbols, the electrical connections and functions of a specific circuit arrangement.

;Short Circuit : An unintentional current path between two components in a circuit or between a component and ground; usually caused by a circuit malfunction.

;Shunt : A term used interchangeably with jumper. A device used to connect two pins and "jumper" them together.

;Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) : A semiconductor device that functions as an electrically controlled switch.

;Silk Screen : The printed information on a PCB. Typcially yellow or white, it outlines the components and shows the part reference numbers.

;Sink Current : An integrated circuit sinks current when current is flowing from a load [another device] into the circuits output. This is considered negative current to the IC. Basically happens when the integrated circuit output goes to ground [low].

;SMT (or SMD) : Surface mount technology (surface mount device). A method of mounting integrated circuits, microcontrollers and other electronics on printed circuit boards. The method mounts the devices on the top of a PC board rather than using holes through the board. Compare this with DIP.

;SNR : Signal to Noise Ratio. A measure of signal strength relative to background noise.

;Source Current : An integrated circuit sources current when current is flowing from the IC into another device [Load]. Source-ing current is considered to be positive current flow from the ICs prospective. Source current is the opposite to Sink Current.

;SPT(1-3) : Service Parallel Thermoplastic. Commonly referred to as zip cord. There is SPT1, SPT2, and SPT3. The number refers to the thickness of the insulation in 64ths of an inch. SPT1 is often called lamp cord. SPT1 usually has 18 gauge wire. SPT2 is commonly available in 16 or 18 gauge. SPT3 is available as large as 10 gauge.

;SSR: Solid State Relay. An electronic switch, which, unlike an electromechanical relay, contains no moving parts.
:'''DIYC definition'''
::Generally refers to a PCB that contains the circuitry that acts like four separate solid state relays. It receives data from the controller board and uses that information to control the power going to the attached lights. The key components of a DIYC SSR are the Optocoupler and the Triac. More information on SSRs can be found [[Solid State Relays | here]].

;SSROZ : Solid State Relay from Oz. A DIYC design for a SSR PCB. Contains circuitry equal to four separate solid state relays. Provides independent control of four channels of lights. Designed by John Wilson (wjohn).

;SWR : Standing Wave Ratio. The ratio of the maximum (voltage, current) to the minimum (voltage, current) points of a transmission line. Indicates the impedance matching quality of the termination of the line.
 

==T==

;Tinning : The process of applying a thin coat of solder to materials prior to their being soldered; for example, application of a light coat of solder to the filaments of a conductor to hold the filaments in place prior to soldering of the conductor.

;Transformer : A device composed of two or more coils, linked by magnetic lines of force, used to transfer energy from one circuit to another.

;Transistor : A basic solid-state semiconductor that has three terminals and can be used for amplification, switching and/or detection.

;Triac : TRIode for Alternating Current. This is an electronic component approximately equivalent to two silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs/thyristors) joined in inverse parallel (paralleled but with the polarity reversed) and with their gates connected together. This results in a bidirectional electronic switch which can conduct current in either direction when it is triggered (turned on).

;Twisted Pair : A line consisting of two insulated wires twisted together to form a flexible line without the use of spacers.
 

==U==

;ULN2803 : An array of eight Darlington transistors (which themselves are arrays of two transistors) that amplify current. Often used in Christmas lights as devices to increase the current coming from a microcontroller to an SSR so that there is enough power to turn on (or off) the SSR.

;USB : Universal Serial Bus, a computer bus which provides two-way communication between the PC and peripheral devices, over a differential 4-wire serial interface cable.
 

==V==

;Via : A plated-thru hole in a printed circuit board. A via may may exist between one or more adjacent board layers, or through the entire board. A blind via runs vertically between the top [or bottom] side and through one or more adjacent board layers, but not through the entire board.

;Voltage : The term used to signify electrical pressure. Voltage is a force that causes current to flow through an electrical conductor. The voltage of a circuit is the greatest effective difference of potential between any two conductors of the circuit.

;Voltage Drop : The difference in voltage between two points. It is the result of the loss of electrical pressure as a current flows through a resistance.

;Voltage regulator : An electronic device designed to take a higher voltage and make it conform to a specific lower voltage. Provide a 5-volt regulator with 12 volts as an input and it will put out a steady 5 volts; provide a 12-volt regulator with 14.5 volts and it will output a steady 12 volts. While some regulators are designed for specific voltages, others can provide a range of voltages depending upon resistance applied; variable voltage regulators can be controlled by potentiometers (i.e.: volume control), so that you can turn a knob and get various voltages depending on where the knob is.
 

==W==

;Watt : The unit of electrical power that is the product of voltage and current.
 

==X==

;XLR Connector : A shielded 5-conductor plug/jack used for DMX connections. Also can be a 3-conductor plug generally used for microphones.

;XTAL : Short for crystal.
 

==Y==
 

==Z==

;Zener Diode : A PN-junction diode designed to operate in the reverse-bias breakdown region. It is designed to conduct in the reverse [bias] direction: with a precise breakdown voltage [Vz].
;Zero Crossing : In alternating current, the zero crossing is the instantaneous point at which there is no voltage present. In a sine wave or other simple waveform, this normally occurs twice during each cycle.

[[Category:DIYC Home]]
[[Category:Beginners Info]]
[[Category:General Info]]
[[Category:DIYC Index]]

Glossary

2014-10-07T23:25:25Z

Dmcole: /* D */

__NOTOC__

[[#A |A]] [[#B | B]] [[#C | C]] [[#D | D]] [[#E | E]] [[#F | F]] [[#G | G]] [[#H | H]] [[#I | I]] [[#J | J]] [[#K | K]] [[#L | L]] [[#M | M]] [[#N | N]] [[#O | O]] [[#P | P]] [[#Q | Q]] [[#R | R]] [[#S | S]] [[#T | T]] [[#U | U]] [[#V | V]] [[#W | W]] [[#X | X]] [[#Y | Y]] [[#Z | Z]]

==A==
;Amp : Ampere. The basic unit of electrical current. Applying one volt across a one ohm resistor will cause a current of one ampere to flow. The letter 'I' is used to denote current.

;Anode : A positive electrode of an electrochemical device (such as a primary or secondary electric cell) toward which the negative ions are drawn. The semiconductor-diode terminal that is positive with respect to the other terminal when the diode is biased in the forward direction.

;Audacity : An open source (both free to use and source code freely distributed) digital audio manipulation application. It is available for Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and BSD. It can record audio, provide editing functions for shortening the length of audio files or handle mixing, spectrum analysis or change in pitch and/or speed. It imports and exports WAV, AIFF, MP3, FLAC and — with plugins — WMA, AAC, AMR and AC3. With certain plug-ins it can be used to export beats of a piece of music that can be imported into certain sequencing software. It is available at http://audacity.sourceforge.net/ and instructions are at http://wiki.audacityteam.org/.

;AWG : American Wire Gauge. The standards adopted in the United States for the measurement of wire sizes. [http://www.powerstream.com/Wire_Size.htm AWG Chart]
 

==B==

;Base : The region between the emitter and collector of a transistor that receives minority carriers injected from the emitter. The element in a transistor that controls the flow of current carriers. It is the element that corresponds to the control grid of an electron tube.

;Baud : A measurement of data transmission speed based on the number of code elements or units per second.

;BNC : Bayonet Nut Connection. A type of connector typically used on coaxial cables.

;BOM : Bill of Material. A listing all the parts required to assemble a project or to populate a circuit board.

 

==C==

;Capacitor : An electrical component that stores an electric charge and releases it when its needed.

;Cathode : The general name for any negative electrode. The negative terminal of a forward-biased semiconductor diode, which is the source of the electrons.

;Center Tap : A connection made to a point half way along a winding of a transformer or inductor, or along the element of a resistor or a potentiometer.

;Channel : In DIYC, a channel refers to an individual line that can be independently controlled. As an example, the Grinch can control 64 channels, that is 64 independent lines that it can control.

;COOP : A co-operative effort by participating DIYC members to pool their resources together to make a purchase of an item(s) in large quantity in an attempt to reduce the cost to the individual participants.

;Coop Olsen 595 : This light controller is based on the Olsen 595 design. It is a 64 channel controller with basic ON/OFF capabilities. Normally gets its input from the parallel port of the controlling computer. On-board status LED for each channel. Developed by Brian Bresocnik (Macrosill). More info [[64 Channel Olsen 595 Controller Assembly Instructions | here]]. AKA - Brian's Olsen 595 board.

;COOP SSR : A DIYC design for a SSR PCB. Contains circuitry equal to four separate solid state relays. Provides independent control of four channels of lights. Designed by Sean Bowf. AKA - Sean's SSR.

;Coaxial Cable : A cable with one conductor completely surrounded by another conductor, separated by a dielectric. The two conductors being coaxial. Some types of coax cables use multiple conductors surrounding each other. Normally only the inner conductor carries a signal. The outer conductors [Braid] are used as a shield, or grounded. Coaxial Cable is normally used in RF transmission. The term Coaxial is normally shortened to Coax. Types of Coaxial Cable include: RG-6, RG-8, RG-11, RG-58, RG-59.

;Collector : The electrode in a transistor through which a primary flow of carriers leaves the region between the electrodes.

;Continuity : An uninterrupted, complete path for current flow. When checking for continuity you are usually looking for a short.

;Current : The movement of electrons past a reference point. The passage of electrons through a conductor. Measured in amperes.
 

==D==

;dB : decibel. A unit of relative sound or radio transmission intensity.

;Decoupling capacitor : A capacitor that is included in circuits with integrated circuits to insure that overall circuit voltage doesn't dip or spike elsewhere in the circuit due to the demands of the integrated circuit. When the integrated circuit needs a burst of energy, the decoupling capacitor provides the needed energy without causing a drop in the voltage for the rest of the circuit.

;Dielectric : An insulating (nonconducting) medium. A substance in which an electric field may be maintained with zero or near-zero power dissipation, i.e., the electrical conductivity is zero or near zero. An insulator; a term applied to the insulating material between the plates of a capacitor.

;Diode : An electrical device that will allow current to pass in only one direction. Consists of a cathode and an anode. A two-terminal semiconductor device used chiefly as a rectifier.

;DIP : Dual In-line Package. An IC package having two parallel rows of leads. Sometimes called "through-hole package," because holes are drilled in the PC boards and the package is soldered to the board on the side opposite the package.

;Dipole : A basic radio antenna that consists of two elements, each of equal length. The length of the elements is an algorithmic function of the frequency over which the broadcast is being made.

;DIYC : [[http://www.doityourselfchristmas.com/| Do It Yourself Christmas.com]].

;DMX (or DMX512) : Digital Multiplex. A lighting control protocol standard developed to handle communications between commercial (usually entertainment, such as theater or music events) lighting control boards and the individual devices, such as lekos (elliposoidals), fresnels, moving lights, strip lights or DJ effect lights. DMX allows up to 512 devices to be attached, daisy-chain, to one wire, each controlled individually. More information on DMX is available [[DMX | here]].
 

==E==
;Electrode : The terminal at which electricity passes from one medium into another, such as in an electrical cell where the current leaves or returns to the electrolyte.

;Electrolyte : A solution of a substance that is capable of conducting electricity. An electrolyte may be in the form of either a liquid or a paste.

;Electrolytic Capacitor : A capacitor that normally uses two aluminum foils separated by an insulating paper. The paper and foils are rolled and impregnated with a liquid electrolyte. Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors are polarized, and may be used DC circuits.

;Electrostatic Discharge Sensitive (ESDS) : The level of susceptibility of devices to damage by static electricity, found by classification testing, is used as the basis for assigning an ESDS class. Electronic parts having sensitive characteristics (e.g., thin-layered internal composition) and delicate, miniaturized construction which are susceptible to damage or degradation, in various degrees, from environmental field forces (electrostatic, electromagnetic, magnetic, or radioactive). This susceptibility also extends to the standard electronic modules, printed circuit boards, printed wiring boards, and circuit card assemblies containing one or more of these sensitive electronic parts.

;Emitter : The element in a transistor that emits current carriers (electrons or holes).

;Energized : Electrically connected to a source of potential difference, or electrically charged so as to have a potential significantly different from that of earth in the vicinity. A "live" circuit.

;ESD : Electrostatic Discharge. More info on ESD is available [http://www.interfacebus.com/glossary-of-terms-esd-definition.html here].
 

==F==

;Farad : The basic unit of capacitance. A capacitor has a capacitance of 1 farad when a voltage potential of 1 volt across it produces a charge of 1 coulomb. Most capacitors used on DIYC boards are in the microfarad (labeled mF or uF) or picofarad (labeled pF) range.

;FCC : The Federal Communications Commission. The FCC was established by the Communications Act of 1934 and is charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire (telegraph, telephone), satellite and cable.

;FET : Field-Effect Transistor. A transistor consisting of a source, a gate, and a drain. Current flow is controlled by the transverse electric field under the gate.

;Firmware : A set of instructions (software program) installed into a microprocessor. It provides the necessary instructions for how the device is supposed to operate.

;Flux : A solution or paste that removes surface oxides from metals being soldered.

;Full-Wave Rectifier : A circuit that uses both positive and negative alternations in an alternating current to produce direct current; it changes alternating current to direct current.

;Fuse : A device that has as its critical component a metal wire or strip that will melt when heated by a prescribed (design) amperage, creating an open in the circuit of which it is a part, thereby protecting the circuit from an over current condition. It protects wiring from over-heating and causing fire.
 

==G==

;GFCI : Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter. An electrical safety device installed in a power panel, sub-panel or outlet box that instantly shuts off the electricity when there is an imbalance in the flow of electricity from hot to neutral. This imbalance can indicate that that an individual is getting an electrical shock. A GFCI should be used in all outdoor high-voltage environments (regular household current) and the device should be tested on a regular basis.

;GRINCH : A 64 channel controller with basic ON/OFF capabilities. Normally gets its input from the parallel port of the controlling computer. No status LEDs, inexpensive/simple to build. Developed by Robert Jordan (RJ). More info [[The GRINCH Controller | here]].

;Ground : The point in a circuit used as a common reference point for measuring purposes. To connect some point of an electrical circuit or some item of electrical equipment to earth or to the conducting medium used in lieu thereof.
 

==H==

;Half-Wave Rectifier : A rectifier using only one-half of each cycle to change AC to pulsating DC.

;Heat Shunt : A device (preferably a clip-on type) used to absorb heat and protect heat-sensitive components during soldering.

;Heat Sink : A piece of metal attached to an electronic component (such as triac, transistor, or voltage regulator) that serves to dissipate or absorb unwanted heat. Many electronics components have two ratings, a lower one when a heat sink is not used and a higher one where a heat sink is in place. Also called a dissipator.
 

==I==

;Inductance : The property of a circuit that tends to oppose a change in the existing current flow. The symbol for inductance is L.

;Induction : The act or process of producing voltage and current by the relative motion of a magnetic field across a conductor.

;Insulated : Separated from other conducting surfaces by a dielectric (including air space) offering a high resistance to the passage of current. Note: When any object is said to be insulated, it is understood to be insulated for the conditions to which it is normally subjected. Otherwise, it is, uninsulated.

;Insulation : A material used to prevent the leakage of electricity from a conductor and to provide mechanical spacing or support as protection against accidental contact with the conductor.

;Insulation Resistance : The resistance offered by an insulating material to current leakage.

;Insulator : Material of such low conductivity that the flow of current through it can usually be neglected. A device having high electrical resistance; used for supporting or separating conductors so as to prevent undesired flow of current from the conductors to other objects.

;Integrated Circuit (IC) : A circuit in which many elements are fabricated and interconnected by a single process (into a single chip), as opposed to a "nonintegrated" circuit in which the transistors, diodes, resistors, and other components are fabricated separately and then assembled. Elements inseparably associated and formed on or within a single substrate.

;Inverter : A circuit with one input and one output. Its function is to invert or reverse the input. When the input is high, the output is low, and vice versa. The inverter is sometimes called a NOT circuit, since it produces the reverse of the input.
 

==J==

;Jumper : A short length of wire used to complete a circuit.
 

==K==

 
==L==

;LED : Light Emitting Diode. A solid-state, semiconductor device that converts electrical energy directly into light. LEDs show up in Christmas lighting in two contexts: the first is as a power or signal indicator in controllers or SSRs, while the second is their use as a substitute for incandescent lamps. LED Christmas light strings use about one-tenth the energy of an incandescent lamp and have a crystal-clear color brightness that incandescents cannot achieve.
 

==M==

;Microcontroller : A computer-on-a-chip that emphasizes high integration, low power consumption, self-sufficiency and relatively low cost. Typically, a microcontroller has flash-type read-write memory allowing a programming station (usually called a PIC programmer) to enter in task-specific programs, which can be written in programming languages such as C, C++, BASIC or even in assembly code (which, of course, is the most efficient).

;Mini-lights : Incandescent bulbs that are about 7/32nds of an inch in diameter, they come in strings as short as 35 bulbs and as long as 400 bulbs. Officially known as the T1-3/4, the strings are wired in series and parallel, usually in 50-bulb groups (the 50 bulbs are in series which are then wired parallel to the others, making 100-, 150-, 200-, 250-, 300-, 350- or 400-bulb strings). Pretty universally, strings that are grouped by 50 bulbs can be cut down to 50-bulb strings. Mini-lights that are grouped by 50s use 2.5-volt, 170 mA bulbs, while 35-bulb strings use 3.5-volt bulbs. Mini-light bulbs are traditionally painted with a transparent paint, which can under severe or extended weather begin to chip or fade.

;MOC3023 : A 6-Pin DIP 400V Random Phase Triac Driver Output Optocoupler. It provides both triac driver and optoisolator services in one package.

;MOSFET : A semiconductor device that contains diffused source and drain regions on either side of a P- or N-channel area. Also contains a gate insulated from the channel area by silicon-oxide. Operates in either the depletion or the enhancement mode.

;MOV : Metal Oxide Varistor. A resistor that changes value with applied voltage. A varistor may also be called a VDR [Voltage Dependent Resistor]. Varistors will have a negative voltage coefficient. MOV devices are used in parallel with the load.

;Multimeter : A single meter combining the functions of an ammeter, a voltmeter, and an ohmmeter.
 

==N==

;NPN : A type of transistor; it is formed by introducing a thin region of P-type material between two regions of N-type material.
 

==O==

;Ohm : The unit of electrical resistance. That value of electrical resistance through which a constant potential difference of 1 volt across the resistance will maintain a current flow of 1 ampere through the resistance.

;Ohm's Law : The current in an electrical circuit is directly proportional to the electromotive force in the circuit. The most common form of the law is E = IR, where E is the electromotive force or voltage across the circuit, I is the current flowing in the circuit, and R is the resistance of the circuit.

;Olsen 595 : This is a popular light controller based on an approach first popularized on the [http://computerchristmas.com ComputerChristmas] and/or [http://planetchristmas.com PlanetChristmas] forums by Peter Olsen. In its first incarnation it used 8-bit 74HC595 logic chips, often with external buffers. More info on the original Olsen 595 design can be found [http://computerchristmas.com/christmas/link-how_to/HowToId-25/Build_a_1024_Port_Controller_for_100 here].

;Open or Open Circuit : The condition of an electrical circuit caused by the breaking of continuity of one or more conductors of the circuit; usually an undesired condition. A circuit that does not provide a complete path for the flow of current.

;Optoisolator (opto, optocoupler) : A semiconductor device that allows signals to be transferred between circuits or systems, while keeping those circuits or systems electrically isolated from each other. In its simplest form, an optoisolator consists of an light-emitting diode (LED), IRED (infrared-emitting diode), or laser diode for signal transmission, and a photosensor for signal reception.

;Oscillator : A device that produces electrical oscillations at a frequency determined by its unique physical characteristics.
 

==P==

;Parallel Port : A port through which two or more data bits are passed simultaneously, such as all the bits of an 8-bit byte, and that requires as many input channels as the number of bits that are to be handled simultaneously. Typically found on a computer and used as the printer port.

;PCB : Printed Circuit Board. An electronics board that contains layers of circuitry that connect the various components of a system. A PCB can be mass manufactured or can be "home etched," where a hobbyist transfers the design of the PCB to a copper-clad board, uses caustic chemicals to etch away the areas not needed and then drills the holes him or herself.

;PIC : A registered trademark name for microcontrollers produced by Microchip Technology Inc. At DIYC, PIC has become a generic term for microcontrollers.

;Pixel : A term traditionally used in computer graphics to identify a picture element, it has been adapted by the Christmas-lights community to refer to a tri-color (red-green-blue) LED that has an internal controller and is manufactured as a string, a strip (either rigid or flexible) or as modules. Pixels require three channels of sequencing software each, so 10 pixels are 30 channels and 50 pixels are 150 channels. Pixels can be based on any of a variety of controllers, including the TM18xx series, the LPD-6803, the WS2801, the 3001 and the GE ColorEffects chips. Further, pixels can be driven at either 5-volts or 12-volts DC and can have a variety of color orders. For strings, strips or modules of pixels to interoperate, they must have the same controller chip, the same voltage and the same color order (which usually means they must have the exact same manufacturer).

;Polarity : The condition in an electrical circuit by which the direction of the flow of current can be determined. Usually applied to batteries and other direct voltage sources. Two opposite charges, one positive and one negative.

;Potentiometer : A variable resistor having a terminal connected to each end of a resistive element and a third terminal connected to a wiper contact. The output is a voltage that is variable depending upon the position of the wiper contact.

;Power : The rate of doing work or the rate of expending energy. The unit of electrical power is the watt.

;Programmer : A device that connects a personal computer to a microcontroller. Used to download software (firmware) from the PC to the microcontroller.

;Protocol : A formal set of conventions governing the format and control of interaction between the computer and attached hardware.

;Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) : Pulse modulation in which the duration of the pulses is varied by the modulating voltage. A useful technique for dimming lights.
 

==Q==

 

==R==

;Regulator : The section in a basic power supply that maintains the output of the power supply at a constant level in spite of large changes in load current or input line voltage.

;Relay : An electromagnetic device with one or more sets of contacts that change position by the magnetic attraction of a coil to an armature.

;Renard : A unique serial communication protocol developed solely for allowing Vixen to communicate to DIYC light controllers. Also applies to the dimming firmware used by many DIYC light controllers.

;Resistance : The opposition a device or material offers to the flow of current. The effect of resistance is to raise the temperature of the material or device carrying the current. A resistance of 1 ohm will allow a current of 1 ampere to flow through it when a potential of 1 volt is applied.

;Resistor : An electrical component that offers resistance to the flow of current. It may be a coil of fine wire or a composition rod.

;RJ-45 (or RJ45) : Registered Jack 45. A data plug or jack standard that allows for the connection of eight wires. It is similar to the modular plug on telephones (which are usually RJ11), though bigger. It is commonly used in Ethernet cabling and so its components (cable, female connectors, male connectors) are readily available and inexpensive.

;RoHS : Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive. A directive by the European Union that is designed to keep harmful chemicals and materials to a minimum. It is used by electronics manufacturers to denote components that meet the EU requirements.

;RS232 : A telecommunications protocol, Recommended Standard 232 was originally designed to connect teletypes with modems; it has survived to this day as the way computer serial ports send out data. RS232 is implemented in a variety of connectors, but is most commonly seen in the DB9 and DB25 devices. It uses nine wires and supports transmitted data, received data, request to send, carrier detect and ring indicator. It is used in Christmas lights by as the physical layer between PC serial ports and Christmas lights controllers.

;RS485 : A telecommunications protocol, Recommended Standard 485 is typically used in building automation, the programming of logic controllers, sound system control, lighting control and video surveillance camera control. It is a two-wire system that uses a differential form of signaling that supports the transmission of data packets. It can be used over a long distance and supports multi-point connections. It is used in Christmas lights as a distribution system for light controllers signaling devices, sometimes using the DMX512 protocol.
 

==S==

;Schematic : A diagram which shows, by means of graphic symbols, the electrical connections and functions of a specific circuit arrangement.

;Short Circuit : An unintentional current path between two components in a circuit or between a component and ground; usually caused by a circuit malfunction.

;Shunt : A term used interchangeably with jumper. A device used to connect two pins and "jumper" them together.

;Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) : A semiconductor device that functions as an electrically controlled switch.

;Silk Screen : The printed information on a PCB. Typcially yellow or white, it outlines the components and shows the part reference numbers.

;Sink Current : An integrated circuit sinks current when current is flowing from a load [another device] into the circuits output. This is considered negative current to the IC. Basically happens when the integrated circuit output goes to ground [low].

;SMT (or SMD) : Surface mount technology (surface mount device). A method of mounting integrated circuits, microcontrollers and other electronics on printed circuit boards. The method mounts the devices on the top of a PC board rather than using holes through the board. Compare this with DIP.

;SNR : Signal to Noise Ratio. A measure of signal strength relative to background noise.

;Source Current : An integrated circuit sources current when current is flowing from the IC into another device [Load]. Source-ing current is considered to be positive current flow from the ICs prospective. Source current is the opposite to Sink Current.

;SPT(1-3) : Service Parallel Thermoplastic. Commonly referred to as zip cord. There is SPT1, SPT2, and SPT3. The number refers to the thickness of the insulation in 64ths of an inch. SPT1 is often called lamp cord. SPT1 usually has 18 gauge wire. SPT2 is commonly available in 16 or 18 gauge. SPT3 is available as large as 10 gauge.

;SSR: Solid State Relay. An electronic switch, which, unlike an electromechanical relay, contains no moving parts.
:'''DIYC definition'''
::Generally refers to a PCB that contains the circuitry that acts like four separate solid state relays. It receives data from the controller board and uses that information to control the power going to the attached lights. The key components of a DIYC SSR are the Optocoupler and the Triac. More information on SSRs can be found [[Solid State Relays | here]].

;SSROZ : Solid State Relay from Oz. A DIYC design for a SSR PCB. Contains circuitry equal to four separate solid state relays. Provides independent control of four channels of lights. Designed by John Wilson (wjohn).

;SWR : Standing Wave Ratio. The ratio of the maximum (voltage, current) to the minimum (voltage, current) points of a transmission line. Indicates the impedance matching quality of the termination of the line.
 

==T==

;Tinning : The process of applying a thin coat of solder to materials prior to their being soldered; for example, application of a light coat of solder to the filaments of a conductor to hold the filaments in place prior to soldering of the conductor.

;Transformer : A device composed of two or more coils, linked by magnetic lines of force, used to transfer energy from one circuit to another.

;Transistor : A basic solid-state semiconductor that has three terminals and can be used for amplification, switching and/or detection.

;Triac : TRIode for Alternating Current. This is an electronic component approximately equivalent to two silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs/thyristors) joined in inverse parallel (paralleled but with the polarity reversed) and with their gates connected together. This results in a bidirectional electronic switch which can conduct current in either direction when it is triggered (turned on).

;Twisted Pair : A line consisting of two insulated wires twisted together to form a flexible line without the use of spacers.
 

==U==

;ULN2803 : An array of eight Darlington transistors (which themselves are arrays of two transistors) that amplify current. Often used in Christmas lights as devices to increase the current coming from a microcontroller to an SSR so that there is enough power to turn on (or off) the SSR.

;USB : Universal Serial Bus, a computer bus which provides two-way communication between the PC and peripheral devices, over a differential 4-wire serial interface cable.
 

==V==

;Via : A plated-thru hole in a printed circuit board. A via may may exist between one or more adjacent board layers, or through the entire board. A blind via runs vertically between the top [or bottom] side and through one or more adjacent board layers, but not through the entire board.

;Voltage : The term used to signify electrical pressure. Voltage is a force that causes current to flow through an electrical conductor. The voltage of a circuit is the greatest effective difference of potential between any two conductors of the circuit.

;Voltage Drop : The difference in voltage between two points. It is the result of the loss of electrical pressure as a current flows through a resistance.

;Voltage regulator : An electronic device designed to take a higher voltage and make it conform to a specific lower voltage. Provide a 5-volt regulator with 12 volts as an input and it will put out a steady 5 volts; provide a 12-volt regulator with 14.5 volts and it will output a steady 12 volts. While some regulators are designed for specific voltages, others can provide a range of voltages depending upon resistance applied; variable voltage regulators can be controlled by potentiometers (i.e.: volume control), so that you can turn a knob and get various voltages depending on where the knob is.
 

==W==

;Watt : The unit of electrical power that is the product of voltage and current.
 

==X==

;XLR Connector : A shielded 5-conductor plug/jack used for DMX connections. Also can be a 3-conductor plug generally used for microphones.

;XTAL : Short for crystal.
 

==Y==
 

==Z==

;Zener Diode : A PN-junction diode designed to operate in the reverse-bias breakdown region. It is designed to conduct in the reverse [bias] direction: with a precise breakdown voltage [Vz].
;Zero Crossing : In alternating current, the zero crossing is the instantaneous point at which there is no voltage present. In a sine wave or other simple waveform, this normally occurs twice during each cycle.

[[Category:DIYC Home]]
[[Category:Beginners Info]]
[[Category:General Info]]
[[Category:DIYC Index]]

Glossary

2014-10-07T23:25:02Z

Dmcole: /* D */

__NOTOC__

[[#A |A]] [[#B | B]] [[#C | C]] [[#D | D]] [[#E | E]] [[#F | F]] [[#G | G]] [[#H | H]] [[#I | I]] [[#J | J]] [[#K | K]] [[#L | L]] [[#M | M]] [[#N | N]] [[#O | O]] [[#P | P]] [[#Q | Q]] [[#R | R]] [[#S | S]] [[#T | T]] [[#U | U]] [[#V | V]] [[#W | W]] [[#X | X]] [[#Y | Y]] [[#Z | Z]]

==A==
;Amp : Ampere. The basic unit of electrical current. Applying one volt across a one ohm resistor will cause a current of one ampere to flow. The letter 'I' is used to denote current.

;Anode : A positive electrode of an electrochemical device (such as a primary or secondary electric cell) toward which the negative ions are drawn. The semiconductor-diode terminal that is positive with respect to the other terminal when the diode is biased in the forward direction.

;Audacity : An open source (both free to use and source code freely distributed) digital audio manipulation application. It is available for Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and BSD. It can record audio, provide editing functions for shortening the length of audio files or handle mixing, spectrum analysis or change in pitch and/or speed. It imports and exports WAV, AIFF, MP3, FLAC and — with plugins — WMA, AAC, AMR and AC3. With certain plug-ins it can be used to export beats of a piece of music that can be imported into certain sequencing software. It is available at http://audacity.sourceforge.net/ and instructions are at http://wiki.audacityteam.org/.

;AWG : American Wire Gauge. The standards adopted in the United States for the measurement of wire sizes. [http://www.powerstream.com/Wire_Size.htm AWG Chart]
 

==B==

;Base : The region between the emitter and collector of a transistor that receives minority carriers injected from the emitter. The element in a transistor that controls the flow of current carriers. It is the element that corresponds to the control grid of an electron tube.

;Baud : A measurement of data transmission speed based on the number of code elements or units per second.

;BNC : Bayonet Nut Connection. A type of connector typically used on coaxial cables.

;BOM : Bill of Material. A listing all the parts required to assemble a project or to populate a circuit board.

 

==C==

;Capacitor : An electrical component that stores an electric charge and releases it when its needed.

;Cathode : The general name for any negative electrode. The negative terminal of a forward-biased semiconductor diode, which is the source of the electrons.

;Center Tap : A connection made to a point half way along a winding of a transformer or inductor, or along the element of a resistor or a potentiometer.

;Channel : In DIYC, a channel refers to an individual line that can be independently controlled. As an example, the Grinch can control 64 channels, that is 64 independent lines that it can control.

;COOP : A co-operative effort by participating DIYC members to pool their resources together to make a purchase of an item(s) in large quantity in an attempt to reduce the cost to the individual participants.

;Coop Olsen 595 : This light controller is based on the Olsen 595 design. It is a 64 channel controller with basic ON/OFF capabilities. Normally gets its input from the parallel port of the controlling computer. On-board status LED for each channel. Developed by Brian Bresocnik (Macrosill). More info [[64 Channel Olsen 595 Controller Assembly Instructions | here]]. AKA - Brian's Olsen 595 board.

;COOP SSR : A DIYC design for a SSR PCB. Contains circuitry equal to four separate solid state relays. Provides independent control of four channels of lights. Designed by Sean Bowf. AKA - Sean's SSR.

;Coaxial Cable : A cable with one conductor completely surrounded by another conductor, separated by a dielectric. The two conductors being coaxial. Some types of coax cables use multiple conductors surrounding each other. Normally only the inner conductor carries a signal. The outer conductors [Braid] are used as a shield, or grounded. Coaxial Cable is normally used in RF transmission. The term Coaxial is normally shortened to Coax. Types of Coaxial Cable include: RG-6, RG-8, RG-11, RG-58, RG-59.

;Collector : The electrode in a transistor through which a primary flow of carriers leaves the region between the electrodes.

;Continuity : An uninterrupted, complete path for current flow. When checking for continuity you are usually looking for a short.

;Current : The movement of electrons past a reference point. The passage of electrons through a conductor. Measured in amperes.
 

==D==

;dB : decibel. A unit of relative sound or radio transmission intensity.

;Decoupling capacitor : A capacitor that is included in circuits with integrated circuits to insure that overall circuit voltage doesn't dip or spike elsewhere in the circuit due to the demands of the integrated circuit. When the integrated circuit needs a burst of energy, the decoupling capacitor provides the needed energy without causing a drop in the voltage for the rest of the circuit.

;Dielectric : An insulating (nonconducting) medium. A substance in which an electric field may be maintained with zero or near-zero power dissipation, i.e., the electrical conductivity is zero or near zero. An insulator; a term applied to the insulating material between the plates of a capacitor.

;Diode : An electrical device that will allow current to pass in only one direction. Consists of a cathode and an anode. A two-terminal semiconductor device used chiefly as a rectifier.

;DIP : Dual In-line Package. An IC package having two parallel rows of leads. Sometimes called "through-hole package," because holes are drilled in the PC boards and the package is soldered to the board on the side opposite the package.

;Dipole : A basic radio antenna that consists of two elements, each of equal length. The length of the elements is an algorithmic function of the frequency over which the broadcast is being made.

;DIYC : [[http://www.doityourselfchristmas.com|Do It Yourself Christmas.com]].

;DMX (or DMX512) : Digital Multiplex. A lighting control protocol standard developed to handle communications between commercial (usually entertainment, such as theater or music events) lighting control boards and the individual devices, such as lekos (elliposoidals), fresnels, moving lights, strip lights or DJ effect lights. DMX allows up to 512 devices to be attached, daisy-chain, to one wire, each controlled individually. More information on DMX is available [[DMX | here]].
 

==E==
;Electrode : The terminal at which electricity passes from one medium into another, such as in an electrical cell where the current leaves or returns to the electrolyte.

;Electrolyte : A solution of a substance that is capable of conducting electricity. An electrolyte may be in the form of either a liquid or a paste.

;Electrolytic Capacitor : A capacitor that normally uses two aluminum foils separated by an insulating paper. The paper and foils are rolled and impregnated with a liquid electrolyte. Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors are polarized, and may be used DC circuits.

;Electrostatic Discharge Sensitive (ESDS) : The level of susceptibility of devices to damage by static electricity, found by classification testing, is used as the basis for assigning an ESDS class. Electronic parts having sensitive characteristics (e.g., thin-layered internal composition) and delicate, miniaturized construction which are susceptible to damage or degradation, in various degrees, from environmental field forces (electrostatic, electromagnetic, magnetic, or radioactive). This susceptibility also extends to the standard electronic modules, printed circuit boards, printed wiring boards, and circuit card assemblies containing one or more of these sensitive electronic parts.

;Emitter : The element in a transistor that emits current carriers (electrons or holes).

;Energized : Electrically connected to a source of potential difference, or electrically charged so as to have a potential significantly different from that of earth in the vicinity. A "live" circuit.

;ESD : Electrostatic Discharge. More info on ESD is available [http://www.interfacebus.com/glossary-of-terms-esd-definition.html here].
 

==F==

;Farad : The basic unit of capacitance. A capacitor has a capacitance of 1 farad when a voltage potential of 1 volt across it produces a charge of 1 coulomb. Most capacitors used on DIYC boards are in the microfarad (labeled mF or uF) or picofarad (labeled pF) range.

;FCC : The Federal Communications Commission. The FCC was established by the Communications Act of 1934 and is charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire (telegraph, telephone), satellite and cable.

;FET : Field-Effect Transistor. A transistor consisting of a source, a gate, and a drain. Current flow is controlled by the transverse electric field under the gate.

;Firmware : A set of instructions (software program) installed into a microprocessor. It provides the necessary instructions for how the device is supposed to operate.

;Flux : A solution or paste that removes surface oxides from metals being soldered.

;Full-Wave Rectifier : A circuit that uses both positive and negative alternations in an alternating current to produce direct current; it changes alternating current to direct current.

;Fuse : A device that has as its critical component a metal wire or strip that will melt when heated by a prescribed (design) amperage, creating an open in the circuit of which it is a part, thereby protecting the circuit from an over current condition. It protects wiring from over-heating and causing fire.
 

==G==

;GFCI : Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter. An electrical safety device installed in a power panel, sub-panel or outlet box that instantly shuts off the electricity when there is an imbalance in the flow of electricity from hot to neutral. This imbalance can indicate that that an individual is getting an electrical shock. A GFCI should be used in all outdoor high-voltage environments (regular household current) and the device should be tested on a regular basis.

;GRINCH : A 64 channel controller with basic ON/OFF capabilities. Normally gets its input from the parallel port of the controlling computer. No status LEDs, inexpensive/simple to build. Developed by Robert Jordan (RJ). More info [[The GRINCH Controller | here]].

;Ground : The point in a circuit used as a common reference point for measuring purposes. To connect some point of an electrical circuit or some item of electrical equipment to earth or to the conducting medium used in lieu thereof.
 

==H==

;Half-Wave Rectifier : A rectifier using only one-half of each cycle to change AC to pulsating DC.

;Heat Shunt : A device (preferably a clip-on type) used to absorb heat and protect heat-sensitive components during soldering.

;Heat Sink : A piece of metal attached to an electronic component (such as triac, transistor, or voltage regulator) that serves to dissipate or absorb unwanted heat. Many electronics components have two ratings, a lower one when a heat sink is not used and a higher one where a heat sink is in place. Also called a dissipator.
 

==I==

;Inductance : The property of a circuit that tends to oppose a change in the existing current flow. The symbol for inductance is L.

;Induction : The act or process of producing voltage and current by the relative motion of a magnetic field across a conductor.

;Insulated : Separated from other conducting surfaces by a dielectric (including air space) offering a high resistance to the passage of current. Note: When any object is said to be insulated, it is understood to be insulated for the conditions to which it is normally subjected. Otherwise, it is, uninsulated.

;Insulation : A material used to prevent the leakage of electricity from a conductor and to provide mechanical spacing or support as protection against accidental contact with the conductor.

;Insulation Resistance : The resistance offered by an insulating material to current leakage.

;Insulator : Material of such low conductivity that the flow of current through it can usually be neglected. A device having high electrical resistance; used for supporting or separating conductors so as to prevent undesired flow of current from the conductors to other objects.

;Integrated Circuit (IC) : A circuit in which many elements are fabricated and interconnected by a single process (into a single chip), as opposed to a "nonintegrated" circuit in which the transistors, diodes, resistors, and other components are fabricated separately and then assembled. Elements inseparably associated and formed on or within a single substrate.

;Inverter : A circuit with one input and one output. Its function is to invert or reverse the input. When the input is high, the output is low, and vice versa. The inverter is sometimes called a NOT circuit, since it produces the reverse of the input.
 

==J==

;Jumper : A short length of wire used to complete a circuit.
 

==K==

 
==L==

;LED : Light Emitting Diode. A solid-state, semiconductor device that converts electrical energy directly into light. LEDs show up in Christmas lighting in two contexts: the first is as a power or signal indicator in controllers or SSRs, while the second is their use as a substitute for incandescent lamps. LED Christmas light strings use about one-tenth the energy of an incandescent lamp and have a crystal-clear color brightness that incandescents cannot achieve.
 

==M==

;Microcontroller : A computer-on-a-chip that emphasizes high integration, low power consumption, self-sufficiency and relatively low cost. Typically, a microcontroller has flash-type read-write memory allowing a programming station (usually called a PIC programmer) to enter in task-specific programs, which can be written in programming languages such as C, C++, BASIC or even in assembly code (which, of course, is the most efficient).

;Mini-lights : Incandescent bulbs that are about 7/32nds of an inch in diameter, they come in strings as short as 35 bulbs and as long as 400 bulbs. Officially known as the T1-3/4, the strings are wired in series and parallel, usually in 50-bulb groups (the 50 bulbs are in series which are then wired parallel to the others, making 100-, 150-, 200-, 250-, 300-, 350- or 400-bulb strings). Pretty universally, strings that are grouped by 50 bulbs can be cut down to 50-bulb strings. Mini-lights that are grouped by 50s use 2.5-volt, 170 mA bulbs, while 35-bulb strings use 3.5-volt bulbs. Mini-light bulbs are traditionally painted with a transparent paint, which can under severe or extended weather begin to chip or fade.

;MOC3023 : A 6-Pin DIP 400V Random Phase Triac Driver Output Optocoupler. It provides both triac driver and optoisolator services in one package.

;MOSFET : A semiconductor device that contains diffused source and drain regions on either side of a P- or N-channel area. Also contains a gate insulated from the channel area by silicon-oxide. Operates in either the depletion or the enhancement mode.

;MOV : Metal Oxide Varistor. A resistor that changes value with applied voltage. A varistor may also be called a VDR [Voltage Dependent Resistor]. Varistors will have a negative voltage coefficient. MOV devices are used in parallel with the load.

;Multimeter : A single meter combining the functions of an ammeter, a voltmeter, and an ohmmeter.
 

==N==

;NPN : A type of transistor; it is formed by introducing a thin region of P-type material between two regions of N-type material.
 

==O==

;Ohm : The unit of electrical resistance. That value of electrical resistance through which a constant potential difference of 1 volt across the resistance will maintain a current flow of 1 ampere through the resistance.

;Ohm's Law : The current in an electrical circuit is directly proportional to the electromotive force in the circuit. The most common form of the law is E = IR, where E is the electromotive force or voltage across the circuit, I is the current flowing in the circuit, and R is the resistance of the circuit.

;Olsen 595 : This is a popular light controller based on an approach first popularized on the [http://computerchristmas.com ComputerChristmas] and/or [http://planetchristmas.com PlanetChristmas] forums by Peter Olsen. In its first incarnation it used 8-bit 74HC595 logic chips, often with external buffers. More info on the original Olsen 595 design can be found [http://computerchristmas.com/christmas/link-how_to/HowToId-25/Build_a_1024_Port_Controller_for_100 here].

;Open or Open Circuit : The condition of an electrical circuit caused by the breaking of continuity of one or more conductors of the circuit; usually an undesired condition. A circuit that does not provide a complete path for the flow of current.

;Optoisolator (opto, optocoupler) : A semiconductor device that allows signals to be transferred between circuits or systems, while keeping those circuits or systems electrically isolated from each other. In its simplest form, an optoisolator consists of an light-emitting diode (LED), IRED (infrared-emitting diode), or laser diode for signal transmission, and a photosensor for signal reception.

;Oscillator : A device that produces electrical oscillations at a frequency determined by its unique physical characteristics.
 

==P==

;Parallel Port : A port through which two or more data bits are passed simultaneously, such as all the bits of an 8-bit byte, and that requires as many input channels as the number of bits that are to be handled simultaneously. Typically found on a computer and used as the printer port.

;PCB : Printed Circuit Board. An electronics board that contains layers of circuitry that connect the various components of a system. A PCB can be mass manufactured or can be "home etched," where a hobbyist transfers the design of the PCB to a copper-clad board, uses caustic chemicals to etch away the areas not needed and then drills the holes him or herself.

;PIC : A registered trademark name for microcontrollers produced by Microchip Technology Inc. At DIYC, PIC has become a generic term for microcontrollers.

;Pixel : A term traditionally used in computer graphics to identify a picture element, it has been adapted by the Christmas-lights community to refer to a tri-color (red-green-blue) LED that has an internal controller and is manufactured as a string, a strip (either rigid or flexible) or as modules. Pixels require three channels of sequencing software each, so 10 pixels are 30 channels and 50 pixels are 150 channels. Pixels can be based on any of a variety of controllers, including the TM18xx series, the LPD-6803, the WS2801, the 3001 and the GE ColorEffects chips. Further, pixels can be driven at either 5-volts or 12-volts DC and can have a variety of color orders. For strings, strips or modules of pixels to interoperate, they must have the same controller chip, the same voltage and the same color order (which usually means they must have the exact same manufacturer).

;Polarity : The condition in an electrical circuit by which the direction of the flow of current can be determined. Usually applied to batteries and other direct voltage sources. Two opposite charges, one positive and one negative.

;Potentiometer : A variable resistor having a terminal connected to each end of a resistive element and a third terminal connected to a wiper contact. The output is a voltage that is variable depending upon the position of the wiper contact.

;Power : The rate of doing work or the rate of expending energy. The unit of electrical power is the watt.

;Programmer : A device that connects a personal computer to a microcontroller. Used to download software (firmware) from the PC to the microcontroller.

;Protocol : A formal set of conventions governing the format and control of interaction between the computer and attached hardware.

;Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) : Pulse modulation in which the duration of the pulses is varied by the modulating voltage. A useful technique for dimming lights.
 

==Q==

 

==R==

;Regulator : The section in a basic power supply that maintains the output of the power supply at a constant level in spite of large changes in load current or input line voltage.

;Relay : An electromagnetic device with one or more sets of contacts that change position by the magnetic attraction of a coil to an armature.

;Renard : A unique serial communication protocol developed solely for allowing Vixen to communicate to DIYC light controllers. Also applies to the dimming firmware used by many DIYC light controllers.

;Resistance : The opposition a device or material offers to the flow of current. The effect of resistance is to raise the temperature of the material or device carrying the current. A resistance of 1 ohm will allow a current of 1 ampere to flow through it when a potential of 1 volt is applied.

;Resistor : An electrical component that offers resistance to the flow of current. It may be a coil of fine wire or a composition rod.

;RJ-45 (or RJ45) : Registered Jack 45. A data plug or jack standard that allows for the connection of eight wires. It is similar to the modular plug on telephones (which are usually RJ11), though bigger. It is commonly used in Ethernet cabling and so its components (cable, female connectors, male connectors) are readily available and inexpensive.

;RoHS : Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive. A directive by the European Union that is designed to keep harmful chemicals and materials to a minimum. It is used by electronics manufacturers to denote components that meet the EU requirements.

;RS232 : A telecommunications protocol, Recommended Standard 232 was originally designed to connect teletypes with modems; it has survived to this day as the way computer serial ports send out data. RS232 is implemented in a variety of connectors, but is most commonly seen in the DB9 and DB25 devices. It uses nine wires and supports transmitted data, received data, request to send, carrier detect and ring indicator. It is used in Christmas lights by as the physical layer between PC serial ports and Christmas lights controllers.

;RS485 : A telecommunications protocol, Recommended Standard 485 is typically used in building automation, the programming of logic controllers, sound system control, lighting control and video surveillance camera control. It is a two-wire system that uses a differential form of signaling that supports the transmission of data packets. It can be used over a long distance and supports multi-point connections. It is used in Christmas lights as a distribution system for light controllers signaling devices, sometimes using the DMX512 protocol.
 

==S==

;Schematic : A diagram which shows, by means of graphic symbols, the electrical connections and functions of a specific circuit arrangement.

;Short Circuit : An unintentional current path between two components in a circuit or between a component and ground; usually caused by a circuit malfunction.

;Shunt : A term used interchangeably with jumper. A device used to connect two pins and "jumper" them together.

;Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) : A semiconductor device that functions as an electrically controlled switch.

;Silk Screen : The printed information on a PCB. Typcially yellow or white, it outlines the components and shows the part reference numbers.

;Sink Current : An integrated circuit sinks current when current is flowing from a load [another device] into the circuits output. This is considered negative current to the IC. Basically happens when the integrated circuit output goes to ground [low].

;SMT (or SMD) : Surface mount technology (surface mount device). A method of mounting integrated circuits, microcontrollers and other electronics on printed circuit boards. The method mounts the devices on the top of a PC board rather than using holes through the board. Compare this with DIP.

;SNR : Signal to Noise Ratio. A measure of signal strength relative to background noise.

;Source Current : An integrated circuit sources current when current is flowing from the IC into another device [Load]. Source-ing current is considered to be positive current flow from the ICs prospective. Source current is the opposite to Sink Current.

;SPT(1-3) : Service Parallel Thermoplastic. Commonly referred to as zip cord. There is SPT1, SPT2, and SPT3. The number refers to the thickness of the insulation in 64ths of an inch. SPT1 is often called lamp cord. SPT1 usually has 18 gauge wire. SPT2 is commonly available in 16 or 18 gauge. SPT3 is available as large as 10 gauge.

;SSR: Solid State Relay. An electronic switch, which, unlike an electromechanical relay, contains no moving parts.
:'''DIYC definition'''
::Generally refers to a PCB that contains the circuitry that acts like four separate solid state relays. It receives data from the controller board and uses that information to control the power going to the attached lights. The key components of a DIYC SSR are the Optocoupler and the Triac. More information on SSRs can be found [[Solid State Relays | here]].

;SSROZ : Solid State Relay from Oz. A DIYC design for a SSR PCB. Contains circuitry equal to four separate solid state relays. Provides independent control of four channels of lights. Designed by John Wilson (wjohn).

;SWR : Standing Wave Ratio. The ratio of the maximum (voltage, current) to the minimum (voltage, current) points of a transmission line. Indicates the impedance matching quality of the termination of the line.
 

==T==

;Tinning : The process of applying a thin coat of solder to materials prior to their being soldered; for example, application of a light coat of solder to the filaments of a conductor to hold the filaments in place prior to soldering of the conductor.

;Transformer : A device composed of two or more coils, linked by magnetic lines of force, used to transfer energy from one circuit to another.

;Transistor : A basic solid-state semiconductor that has three terminals and can be used for amplification, switching and/or detection.

;Triac : TRIode for Alternating Current. This is an electronic component approximately equivalent to two silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs/thyristors) joined in inverse parallel (paralleled but with the polarity reversed) and with their gates connected together. This results in a bidirectional electronic switch which can conduct current in either direction when it is triggered (turned on).

;Twisted Pair : A line consisting of two insulated wires twisted together to form a flexible line without the use of spacers.
 

==U==

;ULN2803 : An array of eight Darlington transistors (which themselves are arrays of two transistors) that amplify current. Often used in Christmas lights as devices to increase the current coming from a microcontroller to an SSR so that there is enough power to turn on (or off) the SSR.

;USB : Universal Serial Bus, a computer bus which provides two-way communication between the PC and peripheral devices, over a differential 4-wire serial interface cable.
 

==V==

;Via : A plated-thru hole in a printed circuit board. A via may may exist between one or more adjacent board layers, or through the entire board. A blind via runs vertically between the top [or bottom] side and through one or more adjacent board layers, but not through the entire board.

;Voltage : The term used to signify electrical pressure. Voltage is a force that causes current to flow through an electrical conductor. The voltage of a circuit is the greatest effective difference of potential between any two conductors of the circuit.

;Voltage Drop : The difference in voltage between two points. It is the result of the loss of electrical pressure as a current flows through a resistance.

;Voltage regulator : An electronic device designed to take a higher voltage and make it conform to a specific lower voltage. Provide a 5-volt regulator with 12 volts as an input and it will put out a steady 5 volts; provide a 12-volt regulator with 14.5 volts and it will output a steady 12 volts. While some regulators are designed for specific voltages, others can provide a range of voltages depending upon resistance applied; variable voltage regulators can be controlled by potentiometers (i.e.: volume control), so that you can turn a knob and get various voltages depending on where the knob is.
 

==W==

;Watt : The unit of electrical power that is the product of voltage and current.
 

==X==

;XLR Connector : A shielded 5-conductor plug/jack used for DMX connections. Also can be a 3-conductor plug generally used for microphones.

;XTAL : Short for crystal.
 

==Y==
 

==Z==

;Zener Diode : A PN-junction diode designed to operate in the reverse-bias breakdown region. It is designed to conduct in the reverse [bias] direction: with a precise breakdown voltage [Vz].
;Zero Crossing : In alternating current, the zero crossing is the instantaneous point at which there is no voltage present. In a sine wave or other simple waveform, this normally occurs twice during each cycle.

[[Category:DIYC Home]]
[[Category:Beginners Info]]
[[Category:General Info]]
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Glossary

2014-10-07T23:24:33Z

Dmcole: /* D */

__NOTOC__

[[#A |A]] [[#B | B]] [[#C | C]] [[#D | D]] [[#E | E]] [[#F | F]] [[#G | G]] [[#H | H]] [[#I | I]] [[#J | J]] [[#K | K]] [[#L | L]] [[#M | M]] [[#N | N]] [[#O | O]] [[#P | P]] [[#Q | Q]] [[#R | R]] [[#S | S]] [[#T | T]] [[#U | U]] [[#V | V]] [[#W | W]] [[#X | X]] [[#Y | Y]] [[#Z | Z]]

==A==
;Amp : Ampere. The basic unit of electrical current. Applying one volt across a one ohm resistor will cause a current of one ampere to flow. The letter 'I' is used to denote current.

;Anode : A positive electrode of an electrochemical device (such as a primary or secondary electric cell) toward which the negative ions are drawn. The semiconductor-diode terminal that is positive with respect to the other terminal when the diode is biased in the forward direction.

;Audacity : An open source (both free to use and source code freely distributed) digital audio manipulation application. It is available for Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and BSD. It can record audio, provide editing functions for shortening the length of audio files or handle mixing, spectrum analysis or change in pitch and/or speed. It imports and exports WAV, AIFF, MP3, FLAC and — with plugins — WMA, AAC, AMR and AC3. With certain plug-ins it can be used to export beats of a piece of music that can be imported into certain sequencing software. It is available at http://audacity.sourceforge.net/ and instructions are at http://wiki.audacityteam.org/.

;AWG : American Wire Gauge. The standards adopted in the United States for the measurement of wire sizes. [http://www.powerstream.com/Wire_Size.htm AWG Chart]
 

==B==

;Base : The region between the emitter and collector of a transistor that receives minority carriers injected from the emitter. The element in a transistor that controls the flow of current carriers. It is the element that corresponds to the control grid of an electron tube.

;Baud : A measurement of data transmission speed based on the number of code elements or units per second.

;BNC : Bayonet Nut Connection. A type of connector typically used on coaxial cables.

;BOM : Bill of Material. A listing all the parts required to assemble a project or to populate a circuit board.

 

==C==

;Capacitor : An electrical component that stores an electric charge and releases it when its needed.

;Cathode : The general name for any negative electrode. The negative terminal of a forward-biased semiconductor diode, which is the source of the electrons.

;Center Tap : A connection made to a point half way along a winding of a transformer or inductor, or along the element of a resistor or a potentiometer.

;Channel : In DIYC, a channel refers to an individual line that can be independently controlled. As an example, the Grinch can control 64 channels, that is 64 independent lines that it can control.

;COOP : A co-operative effort by participating DIYC members to pool their resources together to make a purchase of an item(s) in large quantity in an attempt to reduce the cost to the individual participants.

;Coop Olsen 595 : This light controller is based on the Olsen 595 design. It is a 64 channel controller with basic ON/OFF capabilities. Normally gets its input from the parallel port of the controlling computer. On-board status LED for each channel. Developed by Brian Bresocnik (Macrosill). More info [[64 Channel Olsen 595 Controller Assembly Instructions | here]]. AKA - Brian's Olsen 595 board.

;COOP SSR : A DIYC design for a SSR PCB. Contains circuitry equal to four separate solid state relays. Provides independent control of four channels of lights. Designed by Sean Bowf. AKA - Sean's SSR.

;Coaxial Cable : A cable with one conductor completely surrounded by another conductor, separated by a dielectric. The two conductors being coaxial. Some types of coax cables use multiple conductors surrounding each other. Normally only the inner conductor carries a signal. The outer conductors [Braid] are used as a shield, or grounded. Coaxial Cable is normally used in RF transmission. The term Coaxial is normally shortened to Coax. Types of Coaxial Cable include: RG-6, RG-8, RG-11, RG-58, RG-59.

;Collector : The electrode in a transistor through which a primary flow of carriers leaves the region between the electrodes.

;Continuity : An uninterrupted, complete path for current flow. When checking for continuity you are usually looking for a short.

;Current : The movement of electrons past a reference point. The passage of electrons through a conductor. Measured in amperes.
 

==D==

;dB : decibel. A unit of relative sound or radio transmission intensity.

;Decoupling capacitor : A capacitor that is included in circuits with integrated circuits to insure that overall circuit voltage doesn't dip or spike elsewhere in the circuit due to the demands of the integrated circuit. When the integrated circuit needs a burst of energy, the decoupling capacitor provides the needed energy without causing a drop in the voltage for the rest of the circuit.

;Dielectric : An insulating (nonconducting) medium. A substance in which an electric field may be maintained with zero or near-zero power dissipation, i.e., the electrical conductivity is zero or near zero. An insulator; a term applied to the insulating material between the plates of a capacitor.

;Diode : An electrical device that will allow current to pass in only one direction. Consists of a cathode and an anode. A two-terminal semiconductor device used chiefly as a rectifier.

;DIP : Dual In-line Package. An IC package having two parallel rows of leads. Sometimes called "through-hole package," because holes are drilled in the PC boards and the package is soldered to the board on the side opposite the package.

;Dipole : A basic radio antenna that consists of two elements, each of equal length. The length of the elements is an algorithmic function of the frequency over which the broadcast is being made.

;DIYC : [[http://www.doityourselfchristmas.com/|Do It Yourself Christmas.com]].

;DMX (or DMX512) : Digital Multiplex. A lighting control protocol standard developed to handle communications between commercial (usually entertainment, such as theater or music events) lighting control boards and the individual devices, such as lekos (elliposoidals), fresnels, moving lights, strip lights or DJ effect lights. DMX allows up to 512 devices to be attached, daisy-chain, to one wire, each controlled individually. More information on DMX is available [[DMX | here]].
 

==E==
;Electrode : The terminal at which electricity passes from one medium into another, such as in an electrical cell where the current leaves or returns to the electrolyte.

;Electrolyte : A solution of a substance that is capable of conducting electricity. An electrolyte may be in the form of either a liquid or a paste.

;Electrolytic Capacitor : A capacitor that normally uses two aluminum foils separated by an insulating paper. The paper and foils are rolled and impregnated with a liquid electrolyte. Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors are polarized, and may be used DC circuits.

;Electrostatic Discharge Sensitive (ESDS) : The level of susceptibility of devices to damage by static electricity, found by classification testing, is used as the basis for assigning an ESDS class. Electronic parts having sensitive characteristics (e.g., thin-layered internal composition) and delicate, miniaturized construction which are susceptible to damage or degradation, in various degrees, from environmental field forces (electrostatic, electromagnetic, magnetic, or radioactive). This susceptibility also extends to the standard electronic modules, printed circuit boards, printed wiring boards, and circuit card assemblies containing one or more of these sensitive electronic parts.

;Emitter : The element in a transistor that emits current carriers (electrons or holes).

;Energized : Electrically connected to a source of potential difference, or electrically charged so as to have a potential significantly different from that of earth in the vicinity. A "live" circuit.

;ESD : Electrostatic Discharge. More info on ESD is available [http://www.interfacebus.com/glossary-of-terms-esd-definition.html here].
 

==F==

;Farad : The basic unit of capacitance. A capacitor has a capacitance of 1 farad when a voltage potential of 1 volt across it produces a charge of 1 coulomb. Most capacitors used on DIYC boards are in the microfarad (labeled mF or uF) or picofarad (labeled pF) range.

;FCC : The Federal Communications Commission. The FCC was established by the Communications Act of 1934 and is charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire (telegraph, telephone), satellite and cable.

;FET : Field-Effect Transistor. A transistor consisting of a source, a gate, and a drain. Current flow is controlled by the transverse electric field under the gate.

;Firmware : A set of instructions (software program) installed into a microprocessor. It provides the necessary instructions for how the device is supposed to operate.

;Flux : A solution or paste that removes surface oxides from metals being soldered.

;Full-Wave Rectifier : A circuit that uses both positive and negative alternations in an alternating current to produce direct current; it changes alternating current to direct current.

;Fuse : A device that has as its critical component a metal wire or strip that will melt when heated by a prescribed (design) amperage, creating an open in the circuit of which it is a part, thereby protecting the circuit from an over current condition. It protects wiring from over-heating and causing fire.
 

==G==

;GFCI : Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter. An electrical safety device installed in a power panel, sub-panel or outlet box that instantly shuts off the electricity when there is an imbalance in the flow of electricity from hot to neutral. This imbalance can indicate that that an individual is getting an electrical shock. A GFCI should be used in all outdoor high-voltage environments (regular household current) and the device should be tested on a regular basis.

;GRINCH : A 64 channel controller with basic ON/OFF capabilities. Normally gets its input from the parallel port of the controlling computer. No status LEDs, inexpensive/simple to build. Developed by Robert Jordan (RJ). More info [[The GRINCH Controller | here]].

;Ground : The point in a circuit used as a common reference point for measuring purposes. To connect some point of an electrical circuit or some item of electrical equipment to earth or to the conducting medium used in lieu thereof.
 

==H==

;Half-Wave Rectifier : A rectifier using only one-half of each cycle to change AC to pulsating DC.

;Heat Shunt : A device (preferably a clip-on type) used to absorb heat and protect heat-sensitive components during soldering.

;Heat Sink : A piece of metal attached to an electronic component (such as triac, transistor, or voltage regulator) that serves to dissipate or absorb unwanted heat. Many electronics components have two ratings, a lower one when a heat sink is not used and a higher one where a heat sink is in place. Also called a dissipator.
 

==I==

;Inductance : The property of a circuit that tends to oppose a change in the existing current flow. The symbol for inductance is L.

;Induction : The act or process of producing voltage and current by the relative motion of a magnetic field across a conductor.

;Insulated : Separated from other conducting surfaces by a dielectric (including air space) offering a high resistance to the passage of current. Note: When any object is said to be insulated, it is understood to be insulated for the conditions to which it is normally subjected. Otherwise, it is, uninsulated.

;Insulation : A material used to prevent the leakage of electricity from a conductor and to provide mechanical spacing or support as protection against accidental contact with the conductor.

;Insulation Resistance : The resistance offered by an insulating material to current leakage.

;Insulator : Material of such low conductivity that the flow of current through it can usually be neglected. A device having high electrical resistance; used for supporting or separating conductors so as to prevent undesired flow of current from the conductors to other objects.

;Integrated Circuit (IC) : A circuit in which many elements are fabricated and interconnected by a single process (into a single chip), as opposed to a "nonintegrated" circuit in which the transistors, diodes, resistors, and other components are fabricated separately and then assembled. Elements inseparably associated and formed on or within a single substrate.

;Inverter : A circuit with one input and one output. Its function is to invert or reverse the input. When the input is high, the output is low, and vice versa. The inverter is sometimes called a NOT circuit, since it produces the reverse of the input.
 

==J==

;Jumper : A short length of wire used to complete a circuit.
 

==K==

 
==L==

;LED : Light Emitting Diode. A solid-state, semiconductor device that converts electrical energy directly into light. LEDs show up in Christmas lighting in two contexts: the first is as a power or signal indicator in controllers or SSRs, while the second is their use as a substitute for incandescent lamps. LED Christmas light strings use about one-tenth the energy of an incandescent lamp and have a crystal-clear color brightness that incandescents cannot achieve.
 

==M==

;Microcontroller : A computer-on-a-chip that emphasizes high integration, low power consumption, self-sufficiency and relatively low cost. Typically, a microcontroller has flash-type read-write memory allowing a programming station (usually called a PIC programmer) to enter in task-specific programs, which can be written in programming languages such as C, C++, BASIC or even in assembly code (which, of course, is the most efficient).

;Mini-lights : Incandescent bulbs that are about 7/32nds of an inch in diameter, they come in strings as short as 35 bulbs and as long as 400 bulbs. Officially known as the T1-3/4, the strings are wired in series and parallel, usually in 50-bulb groups (the 50 bulbs are in series which are then wired parallel to the others, making 100-, 150-, 200-, 250-, 300-, 350- or 400-bulb strings). Pretty universally, strings that are grouped by 50 bulbs can be cut down to 50-bulb strings. Mini-lights that are grouped by 50s use 2.5-volt, 170 mA bulbs, while 35-bulb strings use 3.5-volt bulbs. Mini-light bulbs are traditionally painted with a transparent paint, which can under severe or extended weather begin to chip or fade.

;MOC3023 : A 6-Pin DIP 400V Random Phase Triac Driver Output Optocoupler. It provides both triac driver and optoisolator services in one package.

;MOSFET : A semiconductor device that contains diffused source and drain regions on either side of a P- or N-channel area. Also contains a gate insulated from the channel area by silicon-oxide. Operates in either the depletion or the enhancement mode.

;MOV : Metal Oxide Varistor. A resistor that changes value with applied voltage. A varistor may also be called a VDR [Voltage Dependent Resistor]. Varistors will have a negative voltage coefficient. MOV devices are used in parallel with the load.

;Multimeter : A single meter combining the functions of an ammeter, a voltmeter, and an ohmmeter.
 

==N==

;NPN : A type of transistor; it is formed by introducing a thin region of P-type material between two regions of N-type material.
 

==O==

;Ohm : The unit of electrical resistance. That value of electrical resistance through which a constant potential difference of 1 volt across the resistance will maintain a current flow of 1 ampere through the resistance.

;Ohm's Law : The current in an electrical circuit is directly proportional to the electromotive force in the circuit. The most common form of the law is E = IR, where E is the electromotive force or voltage across the circuit, I is the current flowing in the circuit, and R is the resistance of the circuit.

;Olsen 595 : This is a popular light controller based on an approach first popularized on the [http://computerchristmas.com ComputerChristmas] and/or [http://planetchristmas.com PlanetChristmas] forums by Peter Olsen. In its first incarnation it used 8-bit 74HC595 logic chips, often with external buffers. More info on the original Olsen 595 design can be found [http://computerchristmas.com/christmas/link-how_to/HowToId-25/Build_a_1024_Port_Controller_for_100 here].

;Open or Open Circuit : The condition of an electrical circuit caused by the breaking of continuity of one or more conductors of the circuit; usually an undesired condition. A circuit that does not provide a complete path for the flow of current.

;Optoisolator (opto, optocoupler) : A semiconductor device that allows signals to be transferred between circuits or systems, while keeping those circuits or systems electrically isolated from each other. In its simplest form, an optoisolator consists of an light-emitting diode (LED), IRED (infrared-emitting diode), or laser diode for signal transmission, and a photosensor for signal reception.

;Oscillator : A device that produces electrical oscillations at a frequency determined by its unique physical characteristics.
 

==P==

;Parallel Port : A port through which two or more data bits are passed simultaneously, such as all the bits of an 8-bit byte, and that requires as many input channels as the number of bits that are to be handled simultaneously. Typically found on a computer and used as the printer port.

;PCB : Printed Circuit Board. An electronics board that contains layers of circuitry that connect the various components of a system. A PCB can be mass manufactured or can be "home etched," where a hobbyist transfers the design of the PCB to a copper-clad board, uses caustic chemicals to etch away the areas not needed and then drills the holes him or herself.

;PIC : A registered trademark name for microcontrollers produced by Microchip Technology Inc. At DIYC, PIC has become a generic term for microcontrollers.

;Pixel : A term traditionally used in computer graphics to identify a picture element, it has been adapted by the Christmas-lights community to refer to a tri-color (red-green-blue) LED that has an internal controller and is manufactured as a string, a strip (either rigid or flexible) or as modules. Pixels require three channels of sequencing software each, so 10 pixels are 30 channels and 50 pixels are 150 channels. Pixels can be based on any of a variety of controllers, including the TM18xx series, the LPD-6803, the WS2801, the 3001 and the GE ColorEffects chips. Further, pixels can be driven at either 5-volts or 12-volts DC and can have a variety of color orders. For strings, strips or modules of pixels to interoperate, they must have the same controller chip, the same voltage and the same color order (which usually means they must have the exact same manufacturer).

;Polarity : The condition in an electrical circuit by which the direction of the flow of current can be determined. Usually applied to batteries and other direct voltage sources. Two opposite charges, one positive and one negative.

;Potentiometer : A variable resistor having a terminal connected to each end of a resistive element and a third terminal connected to a wiper contact. The output is a voltage that is variable depending upon the position of the wiper contact.

;Power : The rate of doing work or the rate of expending energy. The unit of electrical power is the watt.

;Programmer : A device that connects a personal computer to a microcontroller. Used to download software (firmware) from the PC to the microcontroller.

;Protocol : A formal set of conventions governing the format and control of interaction between the computer and attached hardware.

;Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) : Pulse modulation in which the duration of the pulses is varied by the modulating voltage. A useful technique for dimming lights.
 

==Q==

 

==R==

;Regulator : The section in a basic power supply that maintains the output of the power supply at a constant level in spite of large changes in load current or input line voltage.

;Relay : An electromagnetic device with one or more sets of contacts that change position by the magnetic attraction of a coil to an armature.

;Renard : A unique serial communication protocol developed solely for allowing Vixen to communicate to DIYC light controllers. Also applies to the dimming firmware used by many DIYC light controllers.

;Resistance : The opposition a device or material offers to the flow of current. The effect of resistance is to raise the temperature of the material or device carrying the current. A resistance of 1 ohm will allow a current of 1 ampere to flow through it when a potential of 1 volt is applied.

;Resistor : An electrical component that offers resistance to the flow of current. It may be a coil of fine wire or a composition rod.

;RJ-45 (or RJ45) : Registered Jack 45. A data plug or jack standard that allows for the connection of eight wires. It is similar to the modular plug on telephones (which are usually RJ11), though bigger. It is commonly used in Ethernet cabling and so its components (cable, female connectors, male connectors) are readily available and inexpensive.

;RoHS : Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive. A directive by the European Union that is designed to keep harmful chemicals and materials to a minimum. It is used by electronics manufacturers to denote components that meet the EU requirements.

;RS232 : A telecommunications protocol, Recommended Standard 232 was originally designed to connect teletypes with modems; it has survived to this day as the way computer serial ports send out data. RS232 is implemented in a variety of connectors, but is most commonly seen in the DB9 and DB25 devices. It uses nine wires and supports transmitted data, received data, request to send, carrier detect and ring indicator. It is used in Christmas lights by as the physical layer between PC serial ports and Christmas lights controllers.

;RS485 : A telecommunications protocol, Recommended Standard 485 is typically used in building automation, the programming of logic controllers, sound system control, lighting control and video surveillance camera control. It is a two-wire system that uses a differential form of signaling that supports the transmission of data packets. It can be used over a long distance and supports multi-point connections. It is used in Christmas lights as a distribution system for light controllers signaling devices, sometimes using the DMX512 protocol.
 

==S==

;Schematic : A diagram which shows, by means of graphic symbols, the electrical connections and functions of a specific circuit arrangement.

;Short Circuit : An unintentional current path between two components in a circuit or between a component and ground; usually caused by a circuit malfunction.

;Shunt : A term used interchangeably with jumper. A device used to connect two pins and "jumper" them together.

;Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) : A semiconductor device that functions as an electrically controlled switch.

;Silk Screen : The printed information on a PCB. Typcially yellow or white, it outlines the components and shows the part reference numbers.

;Sink Current : An integrated circuit sinks current when current is flowing from a load [another device] into the circuits output. This is considered negative current to the IC. Basically happens when the integrated circuit output goes to ground [low].

;SMT (or SMD) : Surface mount technology (surface mount device). A method of mounting integrated circuits, microcontrollers and other electronics on printed circuit boards. The method mounts the devices on the top of a PC board rather than using holes through the board. Compare this with DIP.

;SNR : Signal to Noise Ratio. A measure of signal strength relative to background noise.

;Source Current : An integrated circuit sources current when current is flowing from the IC into another device [Load]. Source-ing current is considered to be positive current flow from the ICs prospective. Source current is the opposite to Sink Current.

;SPT(1-3) : Service Parallel Thermoplastic. Commonly referred to as zip cord. There is SPT1, SPT2, and SPT3. The number refers to the thickness of the insulation in 64ths of an inch. SPT1 is often called lamp cord. SPT1 usually has 18 gauge wire. SPT2 is commonly available in 16 or 18 gauge. SPT3 is available as large as 10 gauge.

;SSR: Solid State Relay. An electronic switch, which, unlike an electromechanical relay, contains no moving parts.
:'''DIYC definition'''
::Generally refers to a PCB that contains the circuitry that acts like four separate solid state relays. It receives data from the controller board and uses that information to control the power going to the attached lights. The key components of a DIYC SSR are the Optocoupler and the Triac. More information on SSRs can be found [[Solid State Relays | here]].

;SSROZ : Solid State Relay from Oz. A DIYC design for a SSR PCB. Contains circuitry equal to four separate solid state relays. Provides independent control of four channels of lights. Designed by John Wilson (wjohn).

;SWR : Standing Wave Ratio. The ratio of the maximum (voltage, current) to the minimum (voltage, current) points of a transmission line. Indicates the impedance matching quality of the termination of the line.
 

==T==

;Tinning : The process of applying a thin coat of solder to materials prior to their being soldered; for example, application of a light coat of solder to the filaments of a conductor to hold the filaments in place prior to soldering of the conductor.

;Transformer : A device composed of two or more coils, linked by magnetic lines of force, used to transfer energy from one circuit to another.

;Transistor : A basic solid-state semiconductor that has three terminals and can be used for amplification, switching and/or detection.

;Triac : TRIode for Alternating Current. This is an electronic component approximately equivalent to two silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs/thyristors) joined in inverse parallel (paralleled but with the polarity reversed) and with their gates connected together. This results in a bidirectional electronic switch which can conduct current in either direction when it is triggered (turned on).

;Twisted Pair : A line consisting of two insulated wires twisted together to form a flexible line without the use of spacers.
 

==U==

;ULN2803 : An array of eight Darlington transistors (which themselves are arrays of two transistors) that amplify current. Often used in Christmas lights as devices to increase the current coming from a microcontroller to an SSR so that there is enough power to turn on (or off) the SSR.

;USB : Universal Serial Bus, a computer bus which provides two-way communication between the PC and peripheral devices, over a differential 4-wire serial interface cable.
 

==V==

;Via : A plated-thru hole in a printed circuit board. A via may may exist between one or more adjacent board layers, or through the entire board. A blind via runs vertically between the top [or bottom] side and through one or more adjacent board layers, but not through the entire board.

;Voltage : The term used to signify electrical pressure. Voltage is a force that causes current to flow through an electrical conductor. The voltage of a circuit is the greatest effective difference of potential between any two conductors of the circuit.

;Voltage Drop : The difference in voltage between two points. It is the result of the loss of electrical pressure as a current flows through a resistance.

;Voltage regulator : An electronic device designed to take a higher voltage and make it conform to a specific lower voltage. Provide a 5-volt regulator with 12 volts as an input and it will put out a steady 5 volts; provide a 12-volt regulator with 14.5 volts and it will output a steady 12 volts. While some regulators are designed for specific voltages, others can provide a range of voltages depending upon resistance applied; variable voltage regulators can be controlled by potentiometers (i.e.: volume control), so that you can turn a knob and get various voltages depending on where the knob is.
 

==W==

;Watt : The unit of electrical power that is the product of voltage and current.
 

==X==

;XLR Connector : A shielded 5-conductor plug/jack used for DMX connections. Also can be a 3-conductor plug generally used for microphones.

;XTAL : Short for crystal.
 

==Y==
 

==Z==

;Zener Diode : A PN-junction diode designed to operate in the reverse-bias breakdown region. It is designed to conduct in the reverse [bias] direction: with a precise breakdown voltage [Vz].
;Zero Crossing : In alternating current, the zero crossing is the instantaneous point at which there is no voltage present. In a sine wave or other simple waveform, this normally occurs twice during each cycle.

[[Category:DIYC Home]]
[[Category:Beginners Info]]
[[Category:General Info]]
[[Category:DIYC Index]]

Glossary

2014-10-07T23:22:04Z

Dmcole: /* A */ Added to Audacity definition.

__NOTOC__

[[#A |A]] [[#B | B]] [[#C | C]] [[#D | D]] [[#E | E]] [[#F | F]] [[#G | G]] [[#H | H]] [[#I | I]] [[#J | J]] [[#K | K]] [[#L | L]] [[#M | M]] [[#N | N]] [[#O | O]] [[#P | P]] [[#Q | Q]] [[#R | R]] [[#S | S]] [[#T | T]] [[#U | U]] [[#V | V]] [[#W | W]] [[#X | X]] [[#Y | Y]] [[#Z | Z]]

==A==
;Amp : Ampere. The basic unit of electrical current. Applying one volt across a one ohm resistor will cause a current of one ampere to flow. The letter 'I' is used to denote current.

;Anode : A positive electrode of an electrochemical device (such as a primary or secondary electric cell) toward which the negative ions are drawn. The semiconductor-diode terminal that is positive with respect to the other terminal when the diode is biased in the forward direction.

;Audacity : An open source (both free to use and source code freely distributed) digital audio manipulation application. It is available for Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and BSD. It can record audio, provide editing functions for shortening the length of audio files or handle mixing, spectrum analysis or change in pitch and/or speed. It imports and exports WAV, AIFF, MP3, FLAC and — with plugins — WMA, AAC, AMR and AC3. With certain plug-ins it can be used to export beats of a piece of music that can be imported into certain sequencing software. It is available at http://audacity.sourceforge.net/ and instructions are at http://wiki.audacityteam.org/.

;AWG : American Wire Gauge. The standards adopted in the United States for the measurement of wire sizes. [http://www.powerstream.com/Wire_Size.htm AWG Chart]
 

==B==

;Base : The region between the emitter and collector of a transistor that receives minority carriers injected from the emitter. The element in a transistor that controls the flow of current carriers. It is the element that corresponds to the control grid of an electron tube.

;Baud : A measurement of data transmission speed based on the number of code elements or units per second.

;BNC : Bayonet Nut Connection. A type of connector typically used on coaxial cables.

;BOM : Bill of Material. A listing all the parts required to assemble a project or to populate a circuit board.

 

==C==

;Capacitor : An electrical component that stores an electric charge and releases it when its needed.

;Cathode : The general name for any negative electrode. The negative terminal of a forward-biased semiconductor diode, which is the source of the electrons.

;Center Tap : A connection made to a point half way along a winding of a transformer or inductor, or along the element of a resistor or a potentiometer.

;Channel : In DIYC, a channel refers to an individual line that can be independently controlled. As an example, the Grinch can control 64 channels, that is 64 independent lines that it can control.

;COOP : A co-operative effort by participating DIYC members to pool their resources together to make a purchase of an item(s) in large quantity in an attempt to reduce the cost to the individual participants.

;Coop Olsen 595 : This light controller is based on the Olsen 595 design. It is a 64 channel controller with basic ON/OFF capabilities. Normally gets its input from the parallel port of the controlling computer. On-board status LED for each channel. Developed by Brian Bresocnik (Macrosill). More info [[64 Channel Olsen 595 Controller Assembly Instructions | here]]. AKA - Brian's Olsen 595 board.

;COOP SSR : A DIYC design for a SSR PCB. Contains circuitry equal to four separate solid state relays. Provides independent control of four channels of lights. Designed by Sean Bowf. AKA - Sean's SSR.

;Coaxial Cable : A cable with one conductor completely surrounded by another conductor, separated by a dielectric. The two conductors being coaxial. Some types of coax cables use multiple conductors surrounding each other. Normally only the inner conductor carries a signal. The outer conductors [Braid] are used as a shield, or grounded. Coaxial Cable is normally used in RF transmission. The term Coaxial is normally shortened to Coax. Types of Coaxial Cable include: RG-6, RG-8, RG-11, RG-58, RG-59.

;Collector : The electrode in a transistor through which a primary flow of carriers leaves the region between the electrodes.

;Continuity : An uninterrupted, complete path for current flow. When checking for continuity you are usually looking for a short.

;Current : The movement of electrons past a reference point. The passage of electrons through a conductor. Measured in amperes.
 

==D==

;dB : decibel. A unit of relative sound or radio transmission intensity.

;Decoupling capacitor : A capacitor that is included in circuits with integrated circuits to insure that overall circuit voltage doesn't dip or spike elsewhere in the circuit due to the demands of the integrated circuit. When the integrated circuit needs a burst of energy, the decoupling capacitor provides the needed energy without causing a drop in the voltage for the rest of the circuit.

;Dielectric : An insulating (nonconducting) medium. A substance in which an electric field may be maintained with zero or near-zero power dissipation, i.e., the electrical conductivity is zero or near zero. An insulator; a term applied to the insulating material between the plates of a capacitor.

;Diode : An electrical device that will allow current to pass in only one direction. Consists of a cathode and an anode. A two-terminal semiconductor device used chiefly as a rectifier.

;DIP : Dual In-line Package. An IC package having two parallel rows of leads. Sometimes called "through-hole package," because holes are drilled in the PC boards and the package is soldered to the board on the side opposite the package.

;Dipole : A basic radio antenna that consists of two elements, each of equal length. The length of the elements is an algorithmic function of the frequency over which the broadcast is being made.

;DIYC : Do It Yourself Christmas.com

;DMX (or DMX512) : Digital Multiplex. A lighting control protocol standard developed to handle communications between commercial (usually entertainment, such as theater or music events) lighting control boards and the individual devices, such as lekos (elliposoidals), fresnels, moving lights, strip lights or DJ effect lights. DMX allows up to 512 devices to be attached, daisy-chain, to one wire, each controlled individually. For more information on DMX click [[DMX | here]].
 

==E==
;Electrode : The terminal at which electricity passes from one medium into another, such as in an electrical cell where the current leaves or returns to the electrolyte.

;Electrolyte : A solution of a substance that is capable of conducting electricity. An electrolyte may be in the form of either a liquid or a paste.

;Electrolytic Capacitor : A capacitor that normally uses two aluminum foils separated by an insulating paper. The paper and foils are rolled and impregnated with a liquid electrolyte. Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors are polarized, and may be used DC circuits.

;Electrostatic Discharge Sensitive (ESDS) : The level of susceptibility of devices to damage by static electricity, found by classification testing, is used as the basis for assigning an ESDS class. Electronic parts having sensitive characteristics (e.g., thin-layered internal composition) and delicate, miniaturized construction which are susceptible to damage or degradation, in various degrees, from environmental field forces (electrostatic, electromagnetic, magnetic, or radioactive). This susceptibility also extends to the standard electronic modules, printed circuit boards, printed wiring boards, and circuit card assemblies containing one or more of these sensitive electronic parts.

;Emitter : The element in a transistor that emits current carriers (electrons or holes).

;Energized : Electrically connected to a source of potential difference, or electrically charged so as to have a potential significantly different from that of earth in the vicinity. A "live" circuit.

;ESD : Electrostatic Discharge. More info on ESD is available [http://www.interfacebus.com/glossary-of-terms-esd-definition.html here].
 

==F==

;Farad : The basic unit of capacitance. A capacitor has a capacitance of 1 farad when a voltage potential of 1 volt across it produces a charge of 1 coulomb. Most capacitors used on DIYC boards are in the microfarad (labeled mF or uF) or picofarad (labeled pF) range.

;FCC : The Federal Communications Commission. The FCC was established by the Communications Act of 1934 and is charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire (telegraph, telephone), satellite and cable.

;FET : Field-Effect Transistor. A transistor consisting of a source, a gate, and a drain. Current flow is controlled by the transverse electric field under the gate.

;Firmware : A set of instructions (software program) installed into a microprocessor. It provides the necessary instructions for how the device is supposed to operate.

;Flux : A solution or paste that removes surface oxides from metals being soldered.

;Full-Wave Rectifier : A circuit that uses both positive and negative alternations in an alternating current to produce direct current; it changes alternating current to direct current.

;Fuse : A device that has as its critical component a metal wire or strip that will melt when heated by a prescribed (design) amperage, creating an open in the circuit of which it is a part, thereby protecting the circuit from an over current condition. It protects wiring from over-heating and causing fire.
 

==G==

;GFCI : Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter. An electrical safety device installed in a power panel, sub-panel or outlet box that instantly shuts off the electricity when there is an imbalance in the flow of electricity from hot to neutral. This imbalance can indicate that that an individual is getting an electrical shock. A GFCI should be used in all outdoor high-voltage environments (regular household current) and the device should be tested on a regular basis.

;GRINCH : A 64 channel controller with basic ON/OFF capabilities. Normally gets its input from the parallel port of the controlling computer. No status LEDs, inexpensive/simple to build. Developed by Robert Jordan (RJ). More info [[The GRINCH Controller | here]].

;Ground : The point in a circuit used as a common reference point for measuring purposes. To connect some point of an electrical circuit or some item of electrical equipment to earth or to the conducting medium used in lieu thereof.
 

==H==

;Half-Wave Rectifier : A rectifier using only one-half of each cycle to change AC to pulsating DC.

;Heat Shunt : A device (preferably a clip-on type) used to absorb heat and protect heat-sensitive components during soldering.

;Heat Sink : A piece of metal attached to an electronic component (such as triac, transistor, or voltage regulator) that serves to dissipate or absorb unwanted heat. Many electronics components have two ratings, a lower one when a heat sink is not used and a higher one where a heat sink is in place. Also called a dissipator.
 

==I==

;Inductance : The property of a circuit that tends to oppose a change in the existing current flow. The symbol for inductance is L.

;Induction : The act or process of producing voltage and current by the relative motion of a magnetic field across a conductor.

;Insulated : Separated from other conducting surfaces by a dielectric (including air space) offering a high resistance to the passage of current. Note: When any object is said to be insulated, it is understood to be insulated for the conditions to which it is normally subjected. Otherwise, it is, uninsulated.

;Insulation : A material used to prevent the leakage of electricity from a conductor and to provide mechanical spacing or support as protection against accidental contact with the conductor.

;Insulation Resistance : The resistance offered by an insulating material to current leakage.

;Insulator : Material of such low conductivity that the flow of current through it can usually be neglected. A device having high electrical resistance; used for supporting or separating conductors so as to prevent undesired flow of current from the conductors to other objects.

;Integrated Circuit (IC) : A circuit in which many elements are fabricated and interconnected by a single process (into a single chip), as opposed to a "nonintegrated" circuit in which the transistors, diodes, resistors, and other components are fabricated separately and then assembled. Elements inseparably associated and formed on or within a single substrate.

;Inverter : A circuit with one input and one output. Its function is to invert or reverse the input. When the input is high, the output is low, and vice versa. The inverter is sometimes called a NOT circuit, since it produces the reverse of the input.
 

==J==

;Jumper : A short length of wire used to complete a circuit.
 

==K==

 
==L==

;LED : Light Emitting Diode. A solid-state, semiconductor device that converts electrical energy directly into light. LEDs show up in Christmas lighting in two contexts: the first is as a power or signal indicator in controllers or SSRs, while the second is their use as a substitute for incandescent lamps. LED Christmas light strings use about one-tenth the energy of an incandescent lamp and have a crystal-clear color brightness that incandescents cannot achieve.
 

==M==

;Microcontroller : A computer-on-a-chip that emphasizes high integration, low power consumption, self-sufficiency and relatively low cost. Typically, a microcontroller has flash-type read-write memory allowing a programming station (usually called a PIC programmer) to enter in task-specific programs, which can be written in programming languages such as C, C++, BASIC or even in assembly code (which, of course, is the most efficient).

;Mini-lights : Incandescent bulbs that are about 7/32nds of an inch in diameter, they come in strings as short as 35 bulbs and as long as 400 bulbs. Officially known as the T1-3/4, the strings are wired in series and parallel, usually in 50-bulb groups (the 50 bulbs are in series which are then wired parallel to the others, making 100-, 150-, 200-, 250-, 300-, 350- or 400-bulb strings). Pretty universally, strings that are grouped by 50 bulbs can be cut down to 50-bulb strings. Mini-lights that are grouped by 50s use 2.5-volt, 170 mA bulbs, while 35-bulb strings use 3.5-volt bulbs. Mini-light bulbs are traditionally painted with a transparent paint, which can under severe or extended weather begin to chip or fade.

;MOC3023 : A 6-Pin DIP 400V Random Phase Triac Driver Output Optocoupler. It provides both triac driver and optoisolator services in one package.

;MOSFET : A semiconductor device that contains diffused source and drain regions on either side of a P- or N-channel area. Also contains a gate insulated from the channel area by silicon-oxide. Operates in either the depletion or the enhancement mode.

;MOV : Metal Oxide Varistor. A resistor that changes value with applied voltage. A varistor may also be called a VDR [Voltage Dependent Resistor]. Varistors will have a negative voltage coefficient. MOV devices are used in parallel with the load.

;Multimeter : A single meter combining the functions of an ammeter, a voltmeter, and an ohmmeter.
 

==N==

;NPN : A type of transistor; it is formed by introducing a thin region of P-type material between two regions of N-type material.
 

==O==

;Ohm : The unit of electrical resistance. That value of electrical resistance through which a constant potential difference of 1 volt across the resistance will maintain a current flow of 1 ampere through the resistance.

;Ohm's Law : The current in an electrical circuit is directly proportional to the electromotive force in the circuit. The most common form of the law is E = IR, where E is the electromotive force or voltage across the circuit, I is the current flowing in the circuit, and R is the resistance of the circuit.

;Olsen 595 : This is a popular light controller based on an approach first popularized on the [http://computerchristmas.com ComputerChristmas] and/or [http://planetchristmas.com PlanetChristmas] forums by Peter Olsen. In its first incarnation it used 8-bit 74HC595 logic chips, often with external buffers. More info on the original Olsen 595 design can be found [http://computerchristmas.com/christmas/link-how_to/HowToId-25/Build_a_1024_Port_Controller_for_100 here].

;Open or Open Circuit : The condition of an electrical circuit caused by the breaking of continuity of one or more conductors of the circuit; usually an undesired condition. A circuit that does not provide a complete path for the flow of current.

;Optoisolator (opto, optocoupler) : A semiconductor device that allows signals to be transferred between circuits or systems, while keeping those circuits or systems electrically isolated from each other. In its simplest form, an optoisolator consists of an light-emitting diode (LED), IRED (infrared-emitting diode), or laser diode for signal transmission, and a photosensor for signal reception.

;Oscillator : A device that produces electrical oscillations at a frequency determined by its unique physical characteristics.
 

==P==

;Parallel Port : A port through which two or more data bits are passed simultaneously, such as all the bits of an 8-bit byte, and that requires as many input channels as the number of bits that are to be handled simultaneously. Typically found on a computer and used as the printer port.

;PCB : Printed Circuit Board. An electronics board that contains layers of circuitry that connect the various components of a system. A PCB can be mass manufactured or can be "home etched," where a hobbyist transfers the design of the PCB to a copper-clad board, uses caustic chemicals to etch away the areas not needed and then drills the holes him or herself.

;PIC : A registered trademark name for microcontrollers produced by Microchip Technology Inc. At DIYC, PIC has become a generic term for microcontrollers.

;Pixel : A term traditionally used in computer graphics to identify a picture element, it has been adapted by the Christmas-lights community to refer to a tri-color (red-green-blue) LED that has an internal controller and is manufactured as a string, a strip (either rigid or flexible) or as modules. Pixels require three channels of sequencing software each, so 10 pixels are 30 channels and 50 pixels are 150 channels. Pixels can be based on any of a variety of controllers, including the TM18xx series, the LPD-6803, the WS2801, the 3001 and the GE ColorEffects chips. Further, pixels can be driven at either 5-volts or 12-volts DC and can have a variety of color orders. For strings, strips or modules of pixels to interoperate, they must have the same controller chip, the same voltage and the same color order (which usually means they must have the exact same manufacturer).

;Polarity : The condition in an electrical circuit by which the direction of the flow of current can be determined. Usually applied to batteries and other direct voltage sources. Two opposite charges, one positive and one negative.

;Potentiometer : A variable resistor having a terminal connected to each end of a resistive element and a third terminal connected to a wiper contact. The output is a voltage that is variable depending upon the position of the wiper contact.

;Power : The rate of doing work or the rate of expending energy. The unit of electrical power is the watt.

;Programmer : A device that connects a personal computer to a microcontroller. Used to download software (firmware) from the PC to the microcontroller.

;Protocol : A formal set of conventions governing the format and control of interaction between the computer and attached hardware.

;Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) : Pulse modulation in which the duration of the pulses is varied by the modulating voltage. A useful technique for dimming lights.
 

==Q==

 

==R==

;Regulator : The section in a basic power supply that maintains the output of the power supply at a constant level in spite of large changes in load current or input line voltage.

;Relay : An electromagnetic device with one or more sets of contacts that change position by the magnetic attraction of a coil to an armature.

;Renard : A unique serial communication protocol developed solely for allowing Vixen to communicate to DIYC light controllers. Also applies to the dimming firmware used by many DIYC light controllers.

;Resistance : The opposition a device or material offers to the flow of current. The effect of resistance is to raise the temperature of the material or device carrying the current. A resistance of 1 ohm will allow a current of 1 ampere to flow through it when a potential of 1 volt is applied.

;Resistor : An electrical component that offers resistance to the flow of current. It may be a coil of fine wire or a composition rod.

;RJ-45 (or RJ45) : Registered Jack 45. A data plug or jack standard that allows for the connection of eight wires. It is similar to the modular plug on telephones (which are usually RJ11), though bigger. It is commonly used in Ethernet cabling and so its components (cable, female connectors, male connectors) are readily available and inexpensive.

;RoHS : Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive. A directive by the European Union that is designed to keep harmful chemicals and materials to a minimum. It is used by electronics manufacturers to denote components that meet the EU requirements.

;RS232 : A telecommunications protocol, Recommended Standard 232 was originally designed to connect teletypes with modems; it has survived to this day as the way computer serial ports send out data. RS232 is implemented in a variety of connectors, but is most commonly seen in the DB9 and DB25 devices. It uses nine wires and supports transmitted data, received data, request to send, carrier detect and ring indicator. It is used in Christmas lights by as the physical layer between PC serial ports and Christmas lights controllers.

;RS485 : A telecommunications protocol, Recommended Standard 485 is typically used in building automation, the programming of logic controllers, sound system control, lighting control and video surveillance camera control. It is a two-wire system that uses a differential form of signaling that supports the transmission of data packets. It can be used over a long distance and supports multi-point connections. It is used in Christmas lights as a distribution system for light controllers signaling devices, sometimes using the DMX512 protocol.
 

==S==

;Schematic : A diagram which shows, by means of graphic symbols, the electrical connections and functions of a specific circuit arrangement.

;Short Circuit : An unintentional current path between two components in a circuit or between a component and ground; usually caused by a circuit malfunction.

;Shunt : A term used interchangeably with jumper. A device used to connect two pins and "jumper" them together.

;Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) : A semiconductor device that functions as an electrically controlled switch.

;Silk Screen : The printed information on a PCB. Typcially yellow or white, it outlines the components and shows the part reference numbers.

;Sink Current : An integrated circuit sinks current when current is flowing from a load [another device] into the circuits output. This is considered negative current to the IC. Basically happens when the integrated circuit output goes to ground [low].

;SMT (or SMD) : Surface mount technology (surface mount device). A method of mounting integrated circuits, microcontrollers and other electronics on printed circuit boards. The method mounts the devices on the top of a PC board rather than using holes through the board. Compare this with DIP.

;SNR : Signal to Noise Ratio. A measure of signal strength relative to background noise.

;Source Current : An integrated circuit sources current when current is flowing from the IC into another device [Load]. Source-ing current is considered to be positive current flow from the ICs prospective. Source current is the opposite to Sink Current.

;SPT(1-3) : Service Parallel Thermoplastic. Commonly referred to as zip cord. There is SPT1, SPT2, and SPT3. The number refers to the thickness of the insulation in 64ths of an inch. SPT1 is often called lamp cord. SPT1 usually has 18 gauge wire. SPT2 is commonly available in 16 or 18 gauge. SPT3 is available as large as 10 gauge.

;SSR: Solid State Relay. An electronic switch, which, unlike an electromechanical relay, contains no moving parts.
:'''DIYC definition'''
::Generally refers to a PCB that contains the circuitry that acts like four separate solid state relays. It receives data from the controller board and uses that information to control the power going to the attached lights. The key components of a DIYC SSR are the Optocoupler and the Triac. More information on SSRs can be found [[Solid State Relays | here]].

;SSROZ : Solid State Relay from Oz. A DIYC design for a SSR PCB. Contains circuitry equal to four separate solid state relays. Provides independent control of four channels of lights. Designed by John Wilson (wjohn).

;SWR : Standing Wave Ratio. The ratio of the maximum (voltage, current) to the minimum (voltage, current) points of a transmission line. Indicates the impedance matching quality of the termination of the line.
 

==T==

;Tinning : The process of applying a thin coat of solder to materials prior to their being soldered; for example, application of a light coat of solder to the filaments of a conductor to hold the filaments in place prior to soldering of the conductor.

;Transformer : A device composed of two or more coils, linked by magnetic lines of force, used to transfer energy from one circuit to another.

;Transistor : A basic solid-state semiconductor that has three terminals and can be used for amplification, switching and/or detection.

;Triac : TRIode for Alternating Current. This is an electronic component approximately equivalent to two silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs/thyristors) joined in inverse parallel (paralleled but with the polarity reversed) and with their gates connected together. This results in a bidirectional electronic switch which can conduct current in either direction when it is triggered (turned on).

;Twisted Pair : A line consisting of two insulated wires twisted together to form a flexible line without the use of spacers.
 

==U==

;ULN2803 : An array of eight Darlington transistors (which themselves are arrays of two transistors) that amplify current. Often used in Christmas lights as devices to increase the current coming from a microcontroller to an SSR so that there is enough power to turn on (or off) the SSR.

;USB : Universal Serial Bus, a computer bus which provides two-way communication between the PC and peripheral devices, over a differential 4-wire serial interface cable.
 

==V==

;Via : A plated-thru hole in a printed circuit board. A via may may exist between one or more adjacent board layers, or through the entire board. A blind via runs vertically between the top [or bottom] side and through one or more adjacent board layers, but not through the entire board.

;Voltage : The term used to signify electrical pressure. Voltage is a force that causes current to flow through an electrical conductor. The voltage of a circuit is the greatest effective difference of potential between any two conductors of the circuit.

;Voltage Drop : The difference in voltage between two points. It is the result of the loss of electrical pressure as a current flows through a resistance.

;Voltage regulator : An electronic device designed to take a higher voltage and make it conform to a specific lower voltage. Provide a 5-volt regulator with 12 volts as an input and it will put out a steady 5 volts; provide a 12-volt regulator with 14.5 volts and it will output a steady 12 volts. While some regulators are designed for specific voltages, others can provide a range of voltages depending upon resistance applied; variable voltage regulators can be controlled by potentiometers (i.e.: volume control), so that you can turn a knob and get various voltages depending on where the knob is.
 

==W==

;Watt : The unit of electrical power that is the product of voltage and current.
 

==X==

;XLR Connector : A shielded 5-conductor plug/jack used for DMX connections. Also can be a 3-conductor plug generally used for microphones.

;XTAL : Short for crystal.
 

==Y==
 

==Z==

;Zener Diode : A PN-junction diode designed to operate in the reverse-bias breakdown region. It is designed to conduct in the reverse [bias] direction: with a precise breakdown voltage [Vz].
;Zero Crossing : In alternating current, the zero crossing is the instantaneous point at which there is no voltage present. In a sine wave or other simple waveform, this normally occurs twice during each cycle.

[[Category:DIYC Home]]
[[Category:Beginners Info]]
[[Category:General Info]]
[[Category:DIYC Index]]

Main Page

2014-10-07T23:19:45Z

Dmcole:

<big>'''ChristmasWiki'''</big>

[[Image:avatar.gif|right]]

'''Welcome to the ChristmasWiki! This is the official wiki for the DIY Christmas display community.''' 
Here you will find all sorts of information - from how to hang Christmas lights, to PCB designs for special hardware to flash those lights, to software that makes it all work together.

Everything you read here is a contribution from the members of DoItYourselfChristmas.com. If you would like to make a contribution, please do as we all have ideas to share. The more content we have, the better we become.

Contributions do not have to be specific to Christmas. Information here can include anything that can or is used for any holiday display like Halloween or the 4th of July. It can be a simple trick to make your display easier to put up and take down, or a detailed set of instructions for building an amazing prop. If we get a small contribution from every member then we will have the largest collection of How-Tos and Tips of any display-oriented site on the Internet. So let's all write up an article or two.

<big>[[Disclaimers]]</big>

=='''Categories'''==

<table border="1">

<tr><td>[[Image:diyc.jpg]]</td><td>'''[[DIYC Beginners Info]]'''</td><td>Starting point for beginners to get familiar with DIYC.</td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Image:Mp_software.GIF]]</td><td>'''[[Software]]'''</td><td>[[Vixen]], [[HLS]] and other forms of software to control lights or for other lights-related purposes.</td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Image:Mp_generalinfo.GIF]]</td><td>'''[[General Information and Tips]]'''</td><td>General information and tips, from quick tips, to conceptual-level documents, to detailed wiring descriptions.</td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Image:Mp_displayconstruction.GIF]]</td><td>'''[[Display Construction]]'''</td><td>How to construct items for your display.</td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Image:Mp_electronicshardware.GIF]]</td><td>'''[[Electronics Hardware]]'''</td><td>Electronics hardware you can build to control lights or other items. Includes general overviews and documentation for various designs.</td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Image:Mp_displayconstruction.GIF]]</td><td>'''[[RGB Lighting]]'''</td><td>An in-depth look at RGB lighting. Information about "Dumb" RGB, Intelligent Pixels, Wiring, and Controllers.</td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Image:Mp_protocols.GIF]]</td><td>'''[[Protocols]]'''</td><td>An in-depth look at how light controllers, computers, and other devices communicate in a light show setup.</td></tr>

</table>

== ''Other areas of DoItYourselfChristmas'' ==
*[http://www.doityourselfchristmas.com Home Page]
*[http://www.doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/forum.php Forum]
*[http://www.doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/addonchat.php Chatroom]

==''Navigating the ChristmasWiki''==
The '''ChristmasWiki''' has been organized through the use of wiki categories.
Categories can be accessed via the links at the bottom of each wiki page. Each page also has a link to the '''''DIYC Index''''' category which lists all the pages and categories contained in the wiki.

The '''ChristmasWiki''' is basically organized in the following manner:

[[Image:ChristmasWiki_Organization.jpg | 1000px]]

== ''Editing the ChristmasWiki''==
If you do decide to make a contribution, please follow the format that is currently being utilized. Your article should have its own page and be linked to from the most appropriate category page. 

When uploading images, please try to keep them sized at 200px x 150px, or smaller/larger depending on how it will be used. 

Please use Section Headers (with equals signs) to divide the content on your pages. This allows a Table of Contents to be generated and also makes the article easier to read. 

''The below links do not point to any content on this site. They point to the MediaWiki support pages.''

* Consult the [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software.
* [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ]

==''Glossary''==
A full [[Glossary]] of terms specific to our hobby is provided.

[[Category:DIYC Home]]
[[Category:DIYC Index]]

Main Page

2014-10-07T23:19:12Z

Dmcole: Added front page reference to glossary.

<big>'''ChristmasWiki'''</big>

[[Image:avatar.gif|right]]

'''Welcome to the ChristmasWiki! This is the official wiki for the DIY Christmas display community.''' 
Here you will find all sorts of information - from how to hang Christmas lights, to PCB designs for special hardware to flash those lights, to software that makes it all work together.

Everything you read here is a contribution from the members of DoItYourselfChristmas.com. If you would like to make a contribution, please do as we all have ideas to share. The more content we have, the better we become.

Contributions do not have to be specific to Christmas. Information here can include anything that can or is used for any holiday display like Halloween or the 4th of July. It can be a simple trick to make your display easier to put up and take down, or a detailed set of instructions for building an amazing prop. If we get a small contribution from every member then we will have the largest collection of How-Tos and Tips of any display-oriented site on the Internet. So let's all write up an article or two.

<big>[[Disclaimers]]</big>

=='''Categories'''==

<table border="1">

<tr><td>[[Image:diyc.jpg]]</td><td>'''[[DIYC Beginners Info]]'''</td><td>Starting point for beginners to get familiar with DIYC.</td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Image:Mp_software.GIF]]</td><td>'''[[Software]]'''</td><td>[[Vixen]], [[HLS]] and other forms of software to control lights or for other lights-related purposes.</td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Image:Mp_generalinfo.GIF]]</td><td>'''[[General Information and Tips]]'''</td><td>General information and tips, from quick tips, to conceptual-level documents, to detailed wiring descriptions.</td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Image:Mp_displayconstruction.GIF]]</td><td>'''[[Display Construction]]'''</td><td>How to construct items for your display.</td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Image:Mp_electronicshardware.GIF]]</td><td>'''[[Electronics Hardware]]'''</td><td>Electronics hardware you can build to control lights or other items. Includes general overviews and documentation for various designs.</td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Image:Mp_displayconstruction.GIF]]</td><td>'''[[RGB Lighting]]'''</td><td>An in-depth look at RGB lighting. Information about "Dumb" RGB, Intelligent Pixels, Wiring, and Controllers.</td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Image:Mp_protocols.GIF]]</td><td>'''[[Protocols]]'''</td><td>An in-depth look at how light controllers, computers, and other devices communicate in a light show setup.</td></tr>

</table>

== ''Other areas of DoItYourselfChristmas'' ==
*[http://www.doityourselfchristmas.com Home Page]
*[http://www.doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/forum.php Forum]
*[http://www.doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/addonchat.php Chatroom]

==''Navigating the ChristmasWiki''==
The '''ChristmasWiki''' has been organized through the use of wiki categories.
Categories can be accessed via the links at the bottom of each wiki page. Each page also has a link to the '''''DIYC Index''''' category which lists all the pages and categories contained in the wiki.

The '''ChristmasWiki''' is basically organized in the following manner:

[[Image:ChristmasWiki_Organization.jpg | 1000px]]

== ''Editing the ChristmasWiki''==
If you do decide to make a contribution, please follow the format that is currently being utilized. Your article should have its own page and be linked to from the most appropriate category page. 

When uploading images, please try to keep them sized at 200px x 150px, or smaller/larger depending on how it will be used. 

Please use Section Headers (with equals signs) to divide the content on your pages. This allows a Table of Contents to be generated and also makes the article easier to read. 

''The below links do not point to any content on this site. They point to the MediaWiki support pages.''

* Consult the [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software.
* [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ]

==Glossary==
A full [[Glossary]] of terms specific to our hobby is provided.

[[Category:DIYC Home]]
[[Category:DIYC Index]]

Main Page

2014-10-07T23:18:32Z

Dmcole:

<big>'''ChristmasWiki'''</big>

[[Image:avatar.gif|right]]

'''Welcome to the ChristmasWiki! This is the official wiki for the DIY Christmas display community.''' 
Here you will find all sorts of information - from how to hang Christmas lights, to PCB designs for special hardware to flash those lights, to software that makes it all work together.

Everything you read here is a contribution from the members of DoItYourselfChristmas.com. If you would like to make a contribution, please do as we all have ideas to share. The more content we have, the better we become.

Contributions do not have to be specific to Christmas. Information here can include anything that can or is used for any holiday display like Halloween or the 4th of July. It can be a simple trick to make your display easier to put up and take down, or a detailed set of instructions for building an amazing prop. If we get a small contribution from every member then we will have the largest collection of How-Tos and Tips of any display-oriented site on the Internet. So let's all write up an article or two.

<big>[[Disclaimers]]</big>

=='''Categories'''==

<table border="1">

<tr><td>[[Image:diyc.jpg]]</td><td>'''[[DIYC Beginners Info]]'''</td><td>Starting point for beginners to get familiar with DIYC.</td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Image:Mp_software.GIF]]</td><td>'''[[Software]]'''</td><td>[[Vixen]], [[HLS]] and other forms of software to control lights or for other lights-related purposes.</td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Image:Mp_generalinfo.GIF]]</td><td>'''[[General Information and Tips]]'''</td><td>General information and tips, from quick tips, to conceptual-level documents, to detailed wiring descriptions.</td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Image:Mp_displayconstruction.GIF]]</td><td>'''[[Display Construction]]'''</td><td>How to construct items for your display.</td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Image:Mp_electronicshardware.GIF]]</td><td>'''[[Electronics Hardware]]'''</td><td>Electronics hardware you can build to control lights or other items. Includes general overviews and documentation for various designs.</td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Image:Mp_displayconstruction.GIF]]</td><td>'''[[RGB Lighting]]'''</td><td>An in-depth look at RGB lighting. Information about "Dumb" RGB, Intelligent Pixels, Wiring, and Controllers.</td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Image:Mp_protocols.GIF]]</td><td>'''[[Protocols]]'''</td><td>An in-depth look at how light controllers, computers, and other devices communicate in a light show setup.</td></tr>

</table>

== ''Other areas of DoItYourselfChristmas'' ==
*[http://www.doityourselfchristmas.com Home Page]
*[http://www.doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/forum.php Forum]
*[http://www.doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/addonchat.php Chatroom]

==''Navigating the ChristmasWiki''==
The '''ChristmasWiki''' has been organized through the use of wiki categories.
Categories can be accessed via the links at the bottom of each wiki page. Each page also has a link to the '''''DIYC Index''''' category which lists all the pages and categories contained in the wiki.

The '''ChristmasWiki''' is basically organized in the following manner:

[[Image:ChristmasWiki_Organization.jpg | 1000px]]

== ''Editing the ChristmasWiki''==
If you do decide to make a contribution, please follow the format that is currently being utilized. Your article should have its own page and be linked to from the most appropriate category page. 

When uploading images, please try to keep them sized at 200px x 150px, or smaller/larger depending on how it will be used. 

Please use Section Headers (with equals signs) to divide the content on your pages. This allows a Table of Contents to be generated and also makes the article easier to read. 

''The below links do not point to any content on this site. They point to the MediaWiki support pages.''

* Consult the [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software.
* [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ]

=='''Glossary'''==
A full [[Glossary]] of terms specific to our hobby is provided.

[[Category:DIYC Home]]
[[Category:DIYC Index]]

Main Page

2014-10-07T23:17:52Z

Dmcole:

<big>'''ChristmasWiki'''</big>

[[Image:avatar.gif|right]]

'''Welcome to the ChristmasWiki! This is the official wiki for the DIY Christmas display community.''' 
Here you will find all sorts of information - from how to hang Christmas lights, to PCB designs for special hardware to flash those lights, to software that makes it all work together.

Everything you read here is a contribution from the members of DoItYourselfChristmas.com. If you would like to make a contribution, please do as we all have ideas to share. The more content we have, the better we become.

Contributions do not have to be specific to Christmas. Information here can include anything that can or is used for any holiday display like Halloween or the 4th of July. It can be a simple trick to make your display easier to put up and take down, or a detailed set of instructions for building an amazing prop. If we get a small contribution from every member then we will have the largest collection of How-Tos and Tips of any display-oriented site on the Internet. So let's all write up an article or two.

<big>[[Disclaimers]]</big>

=='''Categories'''==

<table border="1">

<tr><td>[[Image:diyc.jpg]]</td><td>'''[[DIYC Beginners Info]]'''</td><td>Starting point for beginners to get familiar with DIYC.</td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Image:Mp_software.GIF]]</td><td>'''[[Software]]'''</td><td>[[Vixen]], [[HLS]] and other forms of software to control lights or for other lights-related purposes.</td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Image:Mp_generalinfo.GIF]]</td><td>'''[[General Information and Tips]]'''</td><td>General information and tips, from quick tips, to conceptual-level documents, to detailed wiring descriptions.</td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Image:Mp_displayconstruction.GIF]]</td><td>'''[[Display Construction]]'''</td><td>How to construct items for your display.</td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Image:Mp_electronicshardware.GIF]]</td><td>'''[[Electronics Hardware]]'''</td><td>Electronics hardware you can build to control lights or other items. Includes general overviews and documentation for various designs.</td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Image:Mp_displayconstruction.GIF]]</td><td>'''[[RGB Lighting]]'''</td><td>An in-depth look at RGB lighting. Information about "Dumb" RGB, Intelligent Pixels, Wiring, and Controllers.</td></tr>

<tr><td>[[Image:Mp_protocols.GIF]]</td><td>'''[[Protocols]]'''</td><td>An in-depth look at how light controllers, computers, and other devices communicate in a light show setup.</td></tr>

</table>

== ''Other areas of DoItYourselfChristmas'' ==
*[http://www.doityourselfchristmas.com Home Page]
*[http://www.doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/forum.php Forum]
*[http://www.doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/addonchat.php Chatroom]

==''Navigating the ChristmasWiki''==
The '''ChristmasWiki''' has been organized through the use of wiki categories.
Categories can be accessed via the links at the bottom of each wiki page. Each page also has a link to the '''''DIYC Index''''' category which lists all the pages and categories contained in the wiki.

The '''ChristmasWiki''' is basically organized in the following manner:

[[Image:ChristmasWiki_Organization.jpg | 1000px]]

== ''Editing the ChristmasWiki''==
If you do decide to make a contribution, please follow the format that is currently being utilized. Your article should have its own page and be linked to from the most appropriate category page. 

When uploading images, please try to keep them sized at 200px x 150px, or smaller/larger depending on how it will be used. 

Please use Section Headers (with equals signs) to divide the content on your pages. This allows a Table of Contents to be generated and also makes the article easier to read. 

''The below links do not point to any content on this site. They point to the MediaWiki support pages.''

* Consult the [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software.
* [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ]

=="Glossary"==
A full [Glossary] of terms specific to our hobby is provided.

[[Category:DIYC Home]]
[[Category:DIYC Index]]

Software

2014-04-29T23:25:13Z

Dmcole: Added VixenPlus

This is the software page. Here you will find a list and links of the software the users here at DoItYourselfChristmas.com use to run their holiday displays. If you use something different or unique post it here so we can all experience your success.

[[Vixen]]: Light Animation Software

[[HLS]]: Hinkle's Lighting Sequencer

[[Nutcracker - RGB Sequence Builder]]: Nutcracker Pixel Animation Tool

[http://www.lightjams.com/ Lightjams Software]

[http://www.lightshowpro.com/content/ LightShow Pro]: Light/Pixel Sequencer

[http://www.lightorama.com/ShowtimeSoftwareSuite.html Light-O-Rama S3]: LOR Sequencing Software

[http://www.madrix.com Madrix Software]

[http://www.dmxcontrol.org DMXControl]: Light Animation Software

[http://www.pcdimmer.de PC_DIMMER2008]: Light Animation Software

[http://www.http://vixenplus.com VixenPlus]: Light Animation Software
[[Category:DIYC Software]]
[[Category:DIYC Index]]

The GRINCH Controller

2014-03-28T23:11:28Z

Dmcole:

==Background==
:There are a myriad computer based controller hardware available that will run under the Vixen software. While Robert Jordan was working on his LEDTRIKs, a LED panel based display, he noted that the same driver IC chip could replace two different types of chips used on the Olsen 595 COOP board.

:Robert’s aim was to come up with a circuit design for a controller that was smaller, cheaper, and easier to construct than the Olsen 595. He had to give it a name and decided on the ‘GRINCH’ after his favorite Christmas movie. The details of his prototype are detailed on the Computer Christmas website [http://computerchristmas.com/christmas/link-how_to/HowToId-118/Next_evolution_595_replacement here].

:The GRINCH does what you expect it to do – it makes lights flash under control of Vixen. It does not have Channel LEDs, it does not dim lights, and it does not use PICs. The GRINCH does work and it is cheap!

==The Board==
[[Image:Grinch Assy Step 7.jpg]]
[[Image:Grinch (top).jpg]]
==Simplified Theory==
:This is a real simplified explanation of how the data flow to the GRINCH works.

:The VIXEN program controls all data communication between the PC and the GRINCH.

:VIXEN uses the DATA BIT0 pin (pin 2) of the parallel port to serially feed data to RJ45 IN connector pin 8 on the GRINCH.

:VIXEN uses the STROBE pin (pin 1) of the parallel port for the clock signal to RJ45 IN connector pin 5 on the GRINCH.

:VIXEN uses the AUTOFEED pin (pin 14) of the parallel port for the strobe signal to RJ45 IN connector pin 7 on the GRINCH.

:VIXEN pumps out the channel data in reverse order, channel 64 first and channel 1 last (assuming a single GRINCH setup). This is due to how the data is clocked thru the serial shift register section of the IC chips. As VIXEN sends out data for each channel, it will also send out a corresponding clock signal so that the data can be clocked into the IC chips. At this point the data is only being held in the IC chips and the outputs of the chips will not change. Once all the data has been sent to the GRINCH, then VIXEN will send out a strobe signal followed by another clock and that will latch the data in the IC chips to the output pins. This process is repeated whenever VIXEN needs to update any channel data.

:A key thing to remember is that when VIXEN shows a channel as ON, the corresponding output pin of the GRINCH will be sinking signal and not a sourcing signal. This means for every channel that should be ON you should have 0 VDC (GND) on the corresponding output pin. This sinking signal is what the SSR boards require to turn on the desired AC connection.

==Circuit Diagram==
:The schematic diagram for the GRINCH can be downloaded [http://www.doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/showthread.php?t=126 here].

:The circuit is based using four 16 bit constant current LED sink driver integrated circuits. Currently, these are the tested/proven and readily available IC chips for use on the Grinch board.

::*MBI5026GN & MBI5027GN - available from [http://www.kingelectronics.com King Electronics]
::*A6279A – available from [http://www.allegromicro.com Allegro Microsystems]

:'''Differences between the IC chips:'''
::*Recommended Operating Voltage Range (VDD):
::**MBI chips = 4.5 – 5.5 VDC
::**Allegro chips = 3.0 – 5.5 VDC

:<blockquote>'''What this means to you:''' The Allegro chip is more tolerant of operating at a lower VDD. So if you are having problems detecting the signals coming from your PC’s parallel port you can lower your VDD and it might solve the problem.</blockquote>

::*Incoming voltage level for a valid HIGH signal:
::**MBI chips = 80% of VDD
::**Allegro chips = 70% of VDD

:<blockquote>'''What this means to you:''' If you are supplying 5 VDC to the GRINCH as the VDD, then your PC must have at least a 4 VDC signal out of the parallel port to properly trigger the MBI chips and at least 3.5 VDC to trigger the Allegro chips.</blockquote>

==Connection==
:The GRINCH is connected to the controlling PC via a cable from the PC’s parallel port to the RJ45 IN connector on the GRINCH.

[[Image:Grinch cable.jpg]]

:Multiple GRINCH boards can be daisy chained together by connecting the RJ45 OUT connector of the first GRINCH board to the RJ45 IN connector of the next GRINCH board.

==Powering the GRINCH==
:The GRINCH requires an external power source to operate. The normal voltage requirement for a single GRINCH would be 5 VDC at about 1 Amp. There are two options for applying power to the GRINCH.

::*Option 1: Apply the external power directly to J2, pin 1 – 5 VDC and pin 2 – GND

::*Option 2: Bring external power in via the RJ45 IN connector on pin 1 (5 VDC) and pin 3 (GND). With this method you would also need to place a shunt (jumper) on J1.

:There are many options of what to use for the external power source. Some users prefer to use an unused hard drive power connection inside the computer that is being used to run VIXEN. Others prefer to use an old computer power supply that they modify to run as a stand-alone power supply. And there are others that have had success in using wall-warts but care should be used with wall-warts since not all of them provide a regulated/filtered output.

:When connecting multiple GRINCH boards together you must have a shunt (jumper) on J1 for both boards being connected to allow the operating voltage to be passed from board to board.

==Computer Setup==
:'''BIOS Settings'''
::*The GRINCH appears to work best (for most users) if the parallel port is set to EPP in the computer BIOS. If you can't get it to work in EPP mode, try all other possible modes to see what works on your computer.

:'''VIXEN Settings'''
::*The GRINCH uses the OLSEN 595 plug-in.

==Layout==
:This image illustrates a simplified depiction of how a typical display using the GRINCH would be configured.
[[Image:Grinch Layout.jpg]]
:The GRINCH needs to be fairly close (less than 30ft) to the controlling computer due to the signal strength out of the parallel port.

:The SSRs can be placed anywhere needed in the display. They can be placed right next to the GRINCH or as far away as 800ft (farthest known test done).

==Setup for Beginners and Troubleshooting==
:If you are unsure that you have built your hardware correctly, you should follow the procedures contained in the [[Beginners Setup Guide The Grinch | Grinch Beginners Setup Guide]]. These procedures will guide you through the steps to help setup the hardware for the first time.

:If you encounter any problems with your Grinch, you can go to the [[Troubleshooting Guide The Grinch | Grinch Troubleshooting Guide]]. This page contains a methodical process to try to isolate problems/malfunctions and gives suggestions of what to do to fix them.

==Upgrades==
:'''Dimming'''
::*The GRINCH can be made to do dimming by adding the REN-T and REN-C boards to the setup. More details on how these boards operate can be found on their wiki pages.

:'''DMX512 Communication with Dimming'''
::*A DMX512 converter is available that will create the required signals and power for the GRINCH controller using a DMX512 signal and provide 64 channels of dimming. More info can be found [[DMX_to_Grinch/595_convertor|HERE]].

==Related Links==
:* [[Beginners Setup Guide The Grinch]]
:* [[GRINCH_Controller_Assembly_Instructions|GRINCH Controller Assembly Instructions]]
:* [[Troubleshooting Guide The Grinch]]
:* [http://www.doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/forumdisplay.php?f=31 GRINCH Forum at DIYC]
:* [[Vixen|VIXEN]]
:* [[Ren-T_Assembly_Instructions|REN-T]]
:* [[Renard-595_Converter|REN-C]]
:* [[DMX_to_Grinch/595_convertor|DMX512 Dimming Converter]]
:* [[Glossary | Glossary of DIYC Terms]]
:* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_symbol Electronic Symbols]

[[Category:DIYC Controllers]]
[[Category:The Grinch]]
[[Category:DIYC Index]]

Glossary

2012-01-20T21:14:52Z

Dmcole: /* A */ Added term "Audacity"

__NOTOC__

[[#A |A]] [[#B | B]] [[#C | C]] [[#D | D]] [[#E | E]] [[#F | F]] [[#G | G]] [[#H | H]] [[#I | I]] [[#J | J]] [[#K | K]] [[#L | L]] [[#M | M]] [[#N | N]] [[#O | O]] [[#P | P]] [[#Q | Q]] [[#R | R]] [[#S | S]] [[#T | T]] [[#U | U]] [[#V | V]] [[#W | W]] [[#X | X]] [[#Y | Y]] [[#Z | Z]]

==A==
;Amp : Ampere. The basic unit of electrical current. Applying one volt across a one ohm resistor will cause a current of one ampere to flow. The letter 'I' is used to denote current.

;Anode : A positive electrode of an electrochemical device (such as a primary or secondary electric cell) toward which the negative ions are drawn. The semiconductor-diode terminal that is positive with respect to the other terminal when the diode is biased in the forward direction.

;Audacity : An open source (both free to use and source code freely distributed) digital audio manipulation application. It is available for Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and BSD (though Windows 7 support is only "provisional"). It can record audio, provide editing functions for shortening the length of audio files or handle mixing, spectrum analysis or change in pitch and/or speed. It imports and exports WAV, AIFF, MP3, FLAC and — with plugins — WMA, AAC, AMR and AC3. It is available at http://audacity.sourceforge.net/ and instructions are at http://wiki.audacityteam.org/.

;AWG : American Wire Gauge. The standards adopted in the United States for the measurement of wire sizes. [http://www.powerstream.com/Wire_Size.htm AWG Chart]
 

==B==

;Base : The region between the emitter and collector of a transistor that receives minority carriers injected from the emitter. The element in a transistor that controls the flow of current carriers. It is the element that corresponds to the control grid of an electron tube.

;Baud : A measurement of data transmission speed based on the number of code elements or units per second.

;BNC : Bayonet Nut Connection. A type of connector typically used on coaxial cables.

;BOM : Bill of Material. A listing all the parts required to assemble a project or to populate a circuit board.

 

==C==

;Capacitor : An electrical component that stores an electric charge and releases it when its needed.

;Cathode : The general name for any negative electrode. The negative terminal of a forward-biased semiconductor diode, which is the source of the electrons.

;Center Tap : A connection made to a point half way along a winding of a transformer or inductor, or along the element of a resistor or a potentiometer.

;Channel : In DIYC, a channel refers to an individual line that can be independently controlled. As an example, the Grinch can control 64 channels, that is 64 independent lines that it can control.

;COOP : A co-operative effort by participating DIYC members to pool their resources together to make a purchase of an item(s) in large quantity in an attempt to reduce the cost to the individual participants.

;Coop Olsen 595 : This light controller is based on the Olsen 595 design. It is a 64 channel controller with basic ON/OFF capabilities. Normally gets its input from the parallel port of the controlling computer. On-board status LED for each channel. Developed by Brian Bresocnik (Macrosill). More info [[64 Channel Olsen 595 Controller Assembly Instructions | here]]. AKA - Brian's Olsen 595 board.

;COOP SSR : A DIYC design for a SSR PCB. Contains circuitry equal to four separate solid state relays. Provides independent control of four channels of lights. Designed by Sean Bowf. AKA - Sean's SSR.

;Coaxial Cable : A cable with one conductor completely surrounded by another conductor, separated by a dielectric. The two conductors being coaxial. Some types of coax cables use multiple conductors surrounding each other. Normally only the inner conductor carries a signal. The outer conductors [Braid] are used as a shield, or grounded. Coaxial Cable is normally used in RF transmission. The term Coaxial is normally shortened to Coax. Types of Coaxial Cable include: RG-6, RG-8, RG-11, RG-58, RG-59.

;Collector : The electrode in a transistor through which a primary flow of carriers leaves the region between the electrodes.

;Continuity : An uninterrupted, complete path for current flow. When checking for continuity you are usually looking for a short.

;Current : The movement of electrons past a reference point. The passage of electrons through a conductor. Measured in amperes.
 

==D==

;dB : decibel. A unit of relative sound or radio transmission intensity.

;Decoupling capacitor : A capacitor that is included in circuits with integrated circuits to insure that overall circuit voltage doesn't dip or spike elsewhere in the circuit due to the demands of the integrated circuit. When the integrated circuit needs a burst of energy, the decoupling capacitor provides the needed energy without causing a drop in the voltage for the rest of the circuit.

;Dielectric : An insulating (nonconducting) medium. A substance in which an electric field may be maintained with zero or near-zero power dissipation, i.e., the electrical conductivity is zero or near zero. An insulator; a term applied to the insulating material between the plates of a capacitor.

;Diode : An electrical device that will allow current to pass in only one direction. Consists of a cathode and an anode. A two-terminal semiconductor device used chiefly as a rectifier.

;DIP : Dual In-line Package. An IC package having two parallel rows of leads. Sometimes called "through-hole package," because holes are drilled in the PC boards and the package is soldered to the board on the side opposite the package.

;Dipole : A basic radio antenna that consists of two elements, each of equal length. The length of the elements is an algorithmic function of the frequency over which the broadcast is being made.

;DIYC : Do It Yourself Christmas.com

;DMX (or DMX512) : Digital Multiplex. A lighting control protocol standard developed to handle communications between commercial (usually entertainment, such as theater or music events) lighting control boards and the individual devices, such as lekos (elliposoidals), fresnels, moving lights, strip lights or DJ effect lights. DMX allows up to 512 devices to be attached, daisy-chain, to one wire, each controlled individually. For more information on DMX click [[DMX | here]].
 

==E==
;Electrode : The terminal at which electricity passes from one medium into another, such as in an electrical cell where the current leaves or returns to the electrolyte.

;Electrolyte : A solution of a substance that is capable of conducting electricity. An electrolyte may be in the form of either a liquid or a paste.

;Electrolytic Capacitor : A capacitor that normally uses two aluminum foils separated by an insulating paper. The paper and foils are rolled and impregnated with a liquid electrolyte. Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors are polarized, and may be used DC circuits.

;Electrostatic Discharge Sensitive (ESDS) : The level of susceptibility of devices to damage by static electricity, found by classification testing, is used as the basis for assigning an ESDS class. Electronic parts having sensitive characteristics (e.g., thin-layered internal composition) and delicate, miniaturized construction which are susceptible to damage or degradation, in various degrees, from environmental field forces (electrostatic, electromagnetic, magnetic, or radioactive). This susceptibility also extends to the standard electronic modules, printed circuit boards, printed wiring boards, and circuit card assemblies containing one or more of these sensitive electronic parts.

;Emitter : The element in a transistor that emits current carriers (electrons or holes).

;Energized : Electrically connected to a source of potential difference, or electrically charged so as to have a potential significantly different from that of earth in the vicinity. A "live" circuit.

;ESD : Electrostatic Discharge. More info on ESD is available [http://www.interfacebus.com/glossary-of-terms-esd-definition.html here].
 

==F==

;Farad : The basic unit of capacitance. A capacitor has a capacitance of 1 farad when a voltage potential of 1 volt across it produces a charge of 1 coulomb. Most capacitors used on DIYC boards are in the microfarad (labeled mF or uF) or picofarad (labeled pF) range.

;FCC : The Federal Communications Commission. The FCC was established by the Communications Act of 1934 and is charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire (telegraph, telephone), satellite and cable.

;FET : Field-Effect Transistor. A transistor consisting of a source, a gate, and a drain. Current flow is controlled by the transverse electric field under the gate.

;Firmware : A set of instructions (software program) installed into a microprocessor. It provides the necessary instructions for how the device is supposed to operate.

;Flux : A solution or paste that removes surface oxides from metals being soldered.

;Full-Wave Rectifier : A circuit that uses both positive and negative alternations in an alternating current to produce direct current; it changes alternating current to direct current.

;Fuse : A device that has as its critical component a metal wire or strip that will melt when heated by a prescribed (design) amperage, creating an open in the circuit of which it is a part, thereby protecting the circuit from an over current condition. It protects wiring from over-heating and causing fire.
 

==G==

;GFCI : Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter. An electrical safety device installed in a power panel, sub-panel or outlet box that instantly shuts off the electricity when there is an imbalance in the flow of electricity from hot to neutral. This imbalance can indicate that that an individual is getting an electrical shock. A GFCI should be used in all outdoor high-voltage environments (regular household current) and the device should be tested on a regular basis.

;GRINCH : A 64 channel controller with basic ON/OFF capabilities. Normally gets its input from the parallel port of the controlling computer. No status LEDs, inexpensive/simple to build. Developed by Robert Jordan (RJ). More info [[The GRINCH Controller | here]].

;Ground : The point in a circuit used as a common reference point for measuring purposes. To connect some point of an electrical circuit or some item of electrical equipment to earth or to the conducting medium used in lieu thereof.
 

==H==

;Half-Wave Rectifier : A rectifier using only one-half of each cycle to change AC to pulsating DC.

;Heat Shunt : A device (preferably a clip-on type) used to absorb heat and protect heat-sensitive components during soldering.

;Heat Sink : A piece of metal attached to an electronic component (such as triac, transistor, or voltage regulator) that serves to dissipate or absorb unwanted heat. Many electronics components have two ratings, a lower one when a heat sink is not used and a higher one where a heat sink is in place. Also called a dissipator.
 

==I==

;Inductance : The property of a circuit that tends to oppose a change in the existing current flow. The symbol for inductance is L.

;Induction : The act or process of producing voltage and current by the relative motion of a magnetic field across a conductor.

;Insulated : Separated from other conducting surfaces by a dielectric (including air space) offering a high resistance to the passage of current. Note: When any object is said to be insulated, it is understood to be insulated for the conditions to which it is normally subjected. Otherwise, it is, uninsulated.

;Insulation : A material used to prevent the leakage of electricity from a conductor and to provide mechanical spacing or support as protection against accidental contact with the conductor.

;Insulation Resistance : The resistance offered by an insulating material to current leakage.

;Insulator : Material of such low conductivity that the flow of current through it can usually be neglected. A device having high electrical resistance; used for supporting or separating conductors so as to prevent undesired flow of current from the conductors to other objects.

;Integrated Circuit (IC) : A circuit in which many elements are fabricated and interconnected by a single process (into a single chip), as opposed to a "nonintegrated" circuit in which the transistors, diodes, resistors, and other components are fabricated separately and then assembled. Elements inseparably associated and formed on or within a single substrate.

;Inverter : A circuit with one input and one output. Its function is to invert or reverse the input. When the input is high, the output is low, and vice versa. The inverter is sometimes called a NOT circuit, since it produces the reverse of the input.
 

==J==

;Jumper : A short length of wire used to complete a circuit.
 

==K==

 
==L==

;LED : Light Emitting Diode. A solid-state, semiconductor device that converts electrical energy directly into light. LEDs show up in Christmas lighting in two contexts: the first is as a power or signal indicator in controllers or SSRs, while the second is their use as a substitute for incandescent lamps. LED Christmas light strings use about one-tenth the energy of an incandescent lamp and have a crystal-clear color brightness that incandescents cannot achieve.
 

==M==

;Microcontroller : A computer-on-a-chip that emphasizes high integration, low power consumption, self-sufficiency and relatively low cost. Typically, a microcontroller has flash-type read-write memory allowing a programming station (usually called a PIC programmer) to enter in task-specific programs, which can be written in programming languages such as C, C++, BASIC or even in assembly code (which, of course, is the most efficient).

;Mini-lights : Incandescent bulbs that are about 7/32nds of an inch in diameter, they come in strings as short as 35 bulbs and as long as 400 bulbs. Officially known as the T1-3/4, the strings are wired in series and parallel, usually in 50-bulb groups (the 50 bulbs are in series which are then wired parallel to the others, making 100-, 150-, 200-, 250-, 300-, 350- or 400-bulb strings). Pretty universally, strings that are grouped by 50 bulbs can be cut down to 50-bulb strings. Mini-lights that are grouped by 50s use 2.5-volt, 170 mA bulbs, while 35-bulb strings use 3.5-volt bulbs. Mini-light bulbs are traditionally painted with a transparent paint, which can under severe or extended weather begin to chip or fade.

;MOC3023 : A 6-Pin DIP 400V Random Phase Triac Driver Output Optocoupler. It provides both triac driver and optoisolator services in one package.

;MOSFET : A semiconductor device that contains diffused source and drain regions on either side of a P- or N-channel area. Also contains a gate insulated from the channel area by silicon-oxide. Operates in either the depletion or the enhancement mode.

;MOV : Metal Oxide Varistor. A resistor that changes value with applied voltage. A varistor may also be called a VDR [Voltage Dependent Resistor]. Varistors will have a negative voltage coefficient. MOV devices are used in parallel with the load.

;Multimeter : A single meter combining the functions of an ammeter, a voltmeter, and an ohmmeter.
 

==N==

;NPN : A type of transistor; it is formed by introducing a thin region of P-type material between two regions of N-type material.
 

==O==

;Ohm : The unit of electrical resistance. That value of electrical resistance through which a constant potential difference of 1 volt across the resistance will maintain a current flow of 1 ampere through the resistance.

;Ohm's Law : The current in an electrical circuit is directly proportional to the electromotive force in the circuit. The most common form of the law is E = IR, where E is the electromotive force or voltage across the circuit, I is the current flowing in the circuit, and R is the resistance of the circuit.

;Olsen 595 : This is a popular light controller based on an approach first popularized on the [http://computerchristmas.com ComputerChristmas] and/or [http://planetchristmas.com PlanetChristmas] forums by Peter Olsen. In its first incarnation it used 8-bit 74HC595 logic chips, often with external buffers. More info on the original Olsen 595 design can be found [http://computerchristmas.com/christmas/link-how_to/HowToId-25/Build_a_1024_Port_Controller_for_100 here].

;Open or Open Circuit : The condition of an electrical circuit caused by the breaking of continuity of one or more conductors of the circuit; usually an undesired condition. A circuit that does not provide a complete path for the flow of current.

;Optoisolator (opto, optocoupler) : A semiconductor device that allows signals to be transferred between circuits or systems, while keeping those circuits or systems electrically isolated from each other. In its simplest form, an optoisolator consists of an light-emitting diode (LED), IRED (infrared-emitting diode), or laser diode for signal transmission, and a photosensor for signal reception.

;Oscillator : A device that produces electrical oscillations at a frequency determined by its unique physical characteristics.
 

==P==

;Parallel Port : A port through which two or more data bits are passed simultaneously, such as all the bits of an 8-bit byte, and that requires as many input channels as the number of bits that are to be handled simultaneously. Typically found on a computer and used as the printer port.

;PCB : Printed Circuit Board. An electronics board that contains layers of circuitry that connect the various components of a system. A PCB can be mass manufactured or can be "home etched," where a hobbyist transfers the design of the PCB to a copper-clad board, uses caustic chemicals to etch away the areas not needed and then drills the holes him or herself.

;PIC : A registered trademark name for microcontrollers produced by Microchip Technology Inc. At DIYC, PIC has become a generic term for microcontrollers.

;Pixel : A term traditionally used in computer graphics to identify a picture element, it has been adapted by the Christmas-lights community to refer to a tri-color (red-green-blue) LED that has an internal controller and is manufactured as a string, a strip (either rigid or flexible) or as modules. Pixels require three channels of sequencing software each, so 10 pixels are 30 channels and 50 pixels are 150 channels. Pixels can be based on any of a variety of controllers, including the TM18xx series, the LPD-6803, the WS2801, the 3001 and the GE ColorEffects chips. Further, pixels can be driven at either 5-volts or 12-volts DC and can have a variety of color orders. For strings, strips or modules of pixels to interoperate, they must have the same controller chip, the same voltage and the same color order (which usually means they must have the exact same manufacturer).

;Polarity : The condition in an electrical circuit by which the direction of the flow of current can be determined. Usually applied to batteries and other direct voltage sources. Two opposite charges, one positive and one negative.

;Potentiometer : A variable resistor having a terminal connected to each end of a resistive element and a third terminal connected to a wiper contact. The output is a voltage that is variable depending upon the position of the wiper contact.

;Power : The rate of doing work or the rate of expending energy. The unit of electrical power is the watt.

;Programmer : A device that connects a personal computer to a microcontroller. Used to download software (firmware) from the PC to the microcontroller.

;Protocol : A formal set of conventions governing the format and control of interaction between the computer and attached hardware.

;Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) : Pulse modulation in which the duration of the pulses is varied by the modulating voltage. A useful technique for dimming lights.
 

==Q==

 

==R==

;Regulator : The section in a basic power supply that maintains the output of the power supply at a constant level in spite of large changes in load current or input line voltage.

;Relay : An electromagnetic device with one or more sets of contacts that change position by the magnetic attraction of a coil to an armature.

;Renard : A unique serial communication protocol developed solely for allowing Vixen to communicate to DIYC light controllers. Also applies to the dimming firmware used by many DIYC light controllers.

;Resistance : The opposition a device or material offers to the flow of current. The effect of resistance is to raise the temperature of the material or device carrying the current. A resistance of 1 ohm will allow a current of 1 ampere to flow through it when a potential of 1 volt is applied.

;Resistor : An electrical component that offers resistance to the flow of current. It may be a coil of fine wire or a composition rod.

;RJ-45 (or RJ45) : Registered Jack 45. A data plug or jack standard that allows for the connection of eight wires. It is similar to the modular plug on telephones (which are usually RJ11), though bigger. It is commonly used in Ethernet cabling and so its components (cable, female connectors, male connectors) are readily available and inexpensive.

;RoHS : Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive. A directive by the European Union that is designed to keep harmful chemicals and materials to a minimum. It is used by electronics manufacturers to denote components that meet the EU requirements.

;RS232 : A telecommunications protocol, Recommended Standard 232 was originally designed to connect teletypes with modems; it has survived to this day as the way computer serial ports send out data. RS232 is implemented in a variety of connectors, but is most commonly seen in the DB9 and DB25 devices. It uses nine wires and supports transmitted data, received data, request to send, carrier detect and ring indicator. It is used in Christmas lights by as the physical layer between PC serial ports and Christmas lights controllers.

;RS485 : A telecommunications protocol, Recommended Standard 485 is typically used in building automation, the programming of logic controllers, sound system control, lighting control and video surveillance camera control. It is a two-wire system that uses a differential form of signaling that supports the transmission of data packets. It can be used over a long distance and supports multi-point connections. It is used in Christmas lights as a distribution system for light controllers signaling devices, sometimes using the DMX512 protocol.
 

==S==

;Schematic : A diagram which shows, by means of graphic symbols, the electrical connections and functions of a specific circuit arrangement.

;Short Circuit : An unintentional current path between two components in a circuit or between a component and ground; usually caused by a circuit malfunction.

;Shunt : A term used interchangeably with jumper. A device used to connect two pins and "jumper" them together.

;Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) : A semiconductor device that functions as an electrically controlled switch.

;Silk Screen : The printed information on a PCB. Typcially yellow or white, it outlines the components and shows the part reference numbers.

;Sink Current : An integrated circuit sinks current when current is flowing from a load [another device] into the circuits output. This is considered negative current to the IC. Basically happens when the integrated circuit output goes to ground [low].

;SMT (or SMD) : Surface mount technology (surface mount device). A method of mounting integrated circuits, microcontrollers and other electronics on printed circuit boards. The method mounts the devices on the top of a PC board rather than using holes through the board. Compare this with DIP.

;SNR : Signal to Noise Ratio. A measure of signal strength relative to background noise.

;Source Current : An integrated circuit sources current when current is flowing from the IC into another device [Load]. Source-ing current is considered to be positive current flow from the ICs prospective. Source current is the opposite to Sink Current.

;SPT(1-3) : Service Parallel Thermoplastic. Commonly referred to as zip cord. There is SPT1, SPT2, and SPT3. The number refers to the thickness of the insulation in 64ths of an inch. SPT1 is often called lamp cord. SPT1 usually has 18 gauge wire. SPT2 is commonly available in 16 or 18 gauge. SPT3 is available as large as 10 gauge.

;SSR: Solid State Relay. An electronic switch, which, unlike an electromechanical relay, contains no moving parts.
:'''DIYC definition'''
::Generally refers to a PCB that contains the circuitry that acts like four separate solid state relays. It receives data from the controller board and uses that information to control the power going to the attached lights. The key components of a DIYC SSR are the Optocoupler and the Triac. More information on SSRs can be found [[Solid State Relays | here]].

;SSROZ : Solid State Relay from Oz. A DIYC design for a SSR PCB. Contains circuitry equal to four separate solid state relays. Provides independent control of four channels of lights. Designed by John Wilson (wjohn).

;SWR : Standing Wave Ratio. The ratio of the maximum (voltage, current) to the minimum (voltage, current) points of a transmission line. Indicates the impedance matching quality of the termination of the line.
 

==T==

;Tinning : The process of applying a thin coat of solder to materials prior to their being soldered; for example, application of a light coat of solder to the filaments of a conductor to hold the filaments in place prior to soldering of the conductor.

;Transformer : A device composed of two or more coils, linked by magnetic lines of force, used to transfer energy from one circuit to another.

;Transistor : A basic solid-state semiconductor that has three terminals and can be used for amplification, switching and/or detection.

;Triac : TRIode for Alternating Current. This is an electronic component approximately equivalent to two silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs/thyristors) joined in inverse parallel (paralleled but with the polarity reversed) and with their gates connected together. This results in a bidirectional electronic switch which can conduct current in either direction when it is triggered (turned on).

;Twisted Pair : A line consisting of two insulated wires twisted together to form a flexible line without the use of spacers.
 

==U==

;ULN2803 : An array of eight Darlington transistors (which themselves are arrays of two transistors) that amplify current. Often used in Christmas lights as devices to increase the current coming from a microcontroller to an SSR so that there is enough power to turn on (or off) the SSR.

;USB : Universal Serial Bus, a computer bus which provides two-way communication between the PC and peripheral devices, over a differential 4-wire serial interface cable.
 

==V==

;Via : A plated-thru hole in a printed circuit board. A via may may exist between one or more adjacent board layers, or through the entire board. A blind via runs vertically between the top [or bottom] side and through one or more adjacent board layers, but not through the entire board.

;Voltage : The term used to signify electrical pressure. Voltage is a force that causes current to flow through an electrical conductor. The voltage of a circuit is the greatest effective difference of potential between any two conductors of the circuit.

;Voltage Drop : The difference in voltage between two points. It is the result of the loss of electrical pressure as a current flows through a resistance.

;Voltage regulator : An electronic device designed to take a higher voltage and make it conform to a specific lower voltage. Provide a 5-volt regulator with 12 volts as an input and it will put out a steady 5 volts; provide a 12-volt regulator with 14.5 volts and it will output a steady 12 volts. While some regulators are designed for specific voltages, others can provide a range of voltages depending upon resistance applied; variable voltage regulators can be controlled by potentiometers (i.e.: volume control), so that you can turn a knob and get various voltages depending on where the knob is.
 

==W==

;Watt : The unit of electrical power that is the product of voltage and current.
 

==X==

;XLR Connector : A shielded 5-conductor plug/jack used for DMX connections. Also can be a 3-conductor plug generally used for microphones.

;XTAL : Short for crystal.
 

==Y==
 

==Z==

;Zener Diode : A PN-junction diode designed to operate in the reverse-bias breakdown region. It is designed to conduct in the reverse [bias] direction: with a precise breakdown voltage [Vz].
;Zero Crossing : In alternating current, the zero crossing is the instantaneous point at which there is no voltage present. In a sine wave or other simple waveform, this normally occurs twice during each cycle.

[[Category:DIYC Home]]
[[Category:Beginners Info]]
[[Category:General Info]]
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Glossary

2012-01-20T01:52:29Z

Dmcole: /* M */ Added term "Mini-light"

__NOTOC__

[[#A |A]] [[#B | B]] [[#C | C]] [[#D | D]] [[#E | E]] [[#F | F]] [[#G | G]] [[#H | H]] [[#I | I]] [[#J | J]] [[#K | K]] [[#L | L]] [[#M | M]] [[#N | N]] [[#O | O]] [[#P | P]] [[#Q | Q]] [[#R | R]] [[#S | S]] [[#T | T]] [[#U | U]] [[#V | V]] [[#W | W]] [[#X | X]] [[#Y | Y]] [[#Z | Z]]

==A==
;Amp : Ampere. The basic unit of electrical current. Applying one volt across a one ohm resistor will cause a current of one ampere to flow. The letter 'I' is used to denote current.

;Anode : A positive electrode of an electrochemical device (such as a primary or secondary electric cell) toward which the negative ions are drawn. The semiconductor-diode terminal that is positive with respect to the other terminal when the diode is biased in the forward direction.

;AWG : American Wire Gauge. The standards adopted in the United States for the measurement of wire sizes. [http://www.powerstream.com/Wire_Size.htm AWG Chart]
 

==B==

;Base : The region between the emitter and collector of a transistor that receives minority carriers injected from the emitter. The element in a transistor that controls the flow of current carriers. It is the element that corresponds to the control grid of an electron tube.

;Baud : A measurement of data transmission speed based on the number of code elements or units per second.

;BNC : Bayonet Nut Connection. A type of connector typically used on coaxial cables.

;BOM : Bill of Material. A listing all the parts required to assemble a project or to populate a circuit board.

 

==C==

;Capacitor : An electrical component that stores an electric charge and releases it when its needed.

;Cathode : The general name for any negative electrode. The negative terminal of a forward-biased semiconductor diode, which is the source of the electrons.

;Center Tap : A connection made to a point half way along a winding of a transformer or inductor, or along the element of a resistor or a potentiometer.

;Channel : In DIYC, a channel refers to an individual line that can be independently controlled. As an example, the Grinch can control 64 channels, that is 64 independent lines that it can control.

;COOP : A co-operative effort by participating DIYC members to pool their resources together to make a purchase of an item(s) in large quantity in an attempt to reduce the cost to the individual participants.

;Coop Olsen 595 : This light controller is based on the Olsen 595 design. It is a 64 channel controller with basic ON/OFF capabilities. Normally gets its input from the parallel port of the controlling computer. On-board status LED for each channel. Developed by Brian Bresocnik (Macrosill). More info [[64 Channel Olsen 595 Controller Assembly Instructions | here]]. AKA - Brian's Olsen 595 board.

;COOP SSR : A DIYC design for a SSR PCB. Contains circuitry equal to four separate solid state relays. Provides independent control of four channels of lights. Designed by Sean Bowf. AKA - Sean's SSR.

;Coaxial Cable : A cable with one conductor completely surrounded by another conductor, separated by a dielectric. The two conductors being coaxial. Some types of coax cables use multiple conductors surrounding each other. Normally only the inner conductor carries a signal. The outer conductors [Braid] are used as a shield, or grounded. Coaxial Cable is normally used in RF transmission. The term Coaxial is normally shortened to Coax. Types of Coaxial Cable include: RG-6, RG-8, RG-11, RG-58, RG-59.

;Collector : The electrode in a transistor through which a primary flow of carriers leaves the region between the electrodes.

;Continuity : An uninterrupted, complete path for current flow. When checking for continuity you are usually looking for a short.

;Current : The movement of electrons past a reference point. The passage of electrons through a conductor. Measured in amperes.
 

==D==

;dB : decibel. A unit of relative sound or radio transmission intensity.

;Decoupling capacitor : A capacitor that is included in circuits with integrated circuits to insure that overall circuit voltage doesn't dip or spike elsewhere in the circuit due to the demands of the integrated circuit. When the integrated circuit needs a burst of energy, the decoupling capacitor provides the needed energy without causing a drop in the voltage for the rest of the circuit.

;Dielectric : An insulating (nonconducting) medium. A substance in which an electric field may be maintained with zero or near-zero power dissipation, i.e., the electrical conductivity is zero or near zero. An insulator; a term applied to the insulating material between the plates of a capacitor.

;Diode : An electrical device that will allow current to pass in only one direction. Consists of a cathode and an anode. A two-terminal semiconductor device used chiefly as a rectifier.

;DIP : Dual In-line Package. An IC package having two parallel rows of leads. Sometimes called "through-hole package," because holes are drilled in the PC boards and the package is soldered to the board on the side opposite the package.

;Dipole : A basic radio antenna that consists of two elements, each of equal length. The length of the elements is an algorithmic function of the frequency over which the broadcast is being made.

;DIYC : Do It Yourself Christmas.com

;DMX (or DMX512) : Digital Multiplex. A lighting control protocol standard developed to handle communications between commercial (usually entertainment, such as theater or music events) lighting control boards and the individual devices, such as lekos (elliposoidals), fresnels, moving lights, strip lights or DJ effect lights. DMX allows up to 512 devices to be attached, daisy-chain, to one wire, each controlled individually. For more information on DMX click [[DMX | here]].
 

==E==
;Electrode : The terminal at which electricity passes from one medium into another, such as in an electrical cell where the current leaves or returns to the electrolyte.

;Electrolyte : A solution of a substance that is capable of conducting electricity. An electrolyte may be in the form of either a liquid or a paste.

;Electrolytic Capacitor : A capacitor that normally uses two aluminum foils separated by an insulating paper. The paper and foils are rolled and impregnated with a liquid electrolyte. Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors are polarized, and may be used DC circuits.

;Electrostatic Discharge Sensitive (ESDS) : The level of susceptibility of devices to damage by static electricity, found by classification testing, is used as the basis for assigning an ESDS class. Electronic parts having sensitive characteristics (e.g., thin-layered internal composition) and delicate, miniaturized construction which are susceptible to damage or degradation, in various degrees, from environmental field forces (electrostatic, electromagnetic, magnetic, or radioactive). This susceptibility also extends to the standard electronic modules, printed circuit boards, printed wiring boards, and circuit card assemblies containing one or more of these sensitive electronic parts.

;Emitter : The element in a transistor that emits current carriers (electrons or holes).

;Energized : Electrically connected to a source of potential difference, or electrically charged so as to have a potential significantly different from that of earth in the vicinity. A "live" circuit.

;ESD : Electrostatic Discharge. More info on ESD is available [http://www.interfacebus.com/glossary-of-terms-esd-definition.html here].
 

==F==

;Farad : The basic unit of capacitance. A capacitor has a capacitance of 1 farad when a voltage potential of 1 volt across it produces a charge of 1 coulomb. Most capacitors used on DIYC boards are in the microfarad (labeled mF or uF) or picofarad (labeled pF) range.

;FCC : The Federal Communications Commission. The FCC was established by the Communications Act of 1934 and is charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire (telegraph, telephone), satellite and cable.

;FET : Field-Effect Transistor. A transistor consisting of a source, a gate, and a drain. Current flow is controlled by the transverse electric field under the gate.

;Firmware : A set of instructions (software program) installed into a microprocessor. It provides the necessary instructions for how the device is supposed to operate.

;Flux : A solution or paste that removes surface oxides from metals being soldered.

;Full-Wave Rectifier : A circuit that uses both positive and negative alternations in an alternating current to produce direct current; it changes alternating current to direct current.

;Fuse : A device that has as its critical component a metal wire or strip that will melt when heated by a prescribed (design) amperage, creating an open in the circuit of which it is a part, thereby protecting the circuit from an over current condition. It protects wiring from over-heating and causing fire.
 

==G==

;GFCI : Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter. An electrical safety device installed in a power panel, sub-panel or outlet box that instantly shuts off the electricity when there is an imbalance in the flow of electricity from hot to neutral. This imbalance can indicate that that an individual is getting an electrical shock. A GFCI should be used in all outdoor high-voltage environments (regular household current) and the device should be tested on a regular basis.

;GRINCH : A 64 channel controller with basic ON/OFF capabilities. Normally gets its input from the parallel port of the controlling computer. No status LEDs, inexpensive/simple to build. Developed by Robert Jordan (RJ). More info [[The GRINCH Controller | here]].

;Ground : The point in a circuit used as a common reference point for measuring purposes. To connect some point of an electrical circuit or some item of electrical equipment to earth or to the conducting medium used in lieu thereof.
 

==H==

;Half-Wave Rectifier : A rectifier using only one-half of each cycle to change AC to pulsating DC.

;Heat Shunt : A device (preferably a clip-on type) used to absorb heat and protect heat-sensitive components during soldering.

;Heat Sink : A piece of metal attached to an electronic component (such as triac, transistor, or voltage regulator) that serves to dissipate or absorb unwanted heat. Many electronics components have two ratings, a lower one when a heat sink is not used and a higher one where a heat sink is in place. Also called a dissipator.
 

==I==

;Inductance : The property of a circuit that tends to oppose a change in the existing current flow. The symbol for inductance is L.

;Induction : The act or process of producing voltage and current by the relative motion of a magnetic field across a conductor.

;Insulated : Separated from other conducting surfaces by a dielectric (including air space) offering a high resistance to the passage of current. Note: When any object is said to be insulated, it is understood to be insulated for the conditions to which it is normally subjected. Otherwise, it is, uninsulated.

;Insulation : A material used to prevent the leakage of electricity from a conductor and to provide mechanical spacing or support as protection against accidental contact with the conductor.

;Insulation Resistance : The resistance offered by an insulating material to current leakage.

;Insulator : Material of such low conductivity that the flow of current through it can usually be neglected. A device having high electrical resistance; used for supporting or separating conductors so as to prevent undesired flow of current from the conductors to other objects.

;Integrated Circuit (IC) : A circuit in which many elements are fabricated and interconnected by a single process (into a single chip), as opposed to a "nonintegrated" circuit in which the transistors, diodes, resistors, and other components are fabricated separately and then assembled. Elements inseparably associated and formed on or within a single substrate.

;Inverter : A circuit with one input and one output. Its function is to invert or reverse the input. When the input is high, the output is low, and vice versa. The inverter is sometimes called a NOT circuit, since it produces the reverse of the input.
 

==J==

;Jumper : A short length of wire used to complete a circuit.
 

==K==

 
==L==

;LED : Light Emitting Diode. A solid-state, semiconductor device that converts electrical energy directly into light. LEDs show up in Christmas lighting in two contexts: the first is as a power or signal indicator in controllers or SSRs, while the second is their use as a substitute for incandescent lamps. LED Christmas light strings use about one-tenth the energy of an incandescent lamp and have a crystal-clear color brightness that incandescents cannot achieve.
 

==M==

;Microcontroller : A computer-on-a-chip that emphasizes high integration, low power consumption, self-sufficiency and relatively low cost. Typically, a microcontroller has flash-type read-write memory allowing a programming station (usually called a PIC programmer) to enter in task-specific programs, which can be written in programming languages such as C, C++, BASIC or even in assembly code (which, of course, is the most efficient).

;Mini-lights : Incandescent bulbs that are about 7/32nds of an inch in diameter, they come in strings as short as 35 bulbs and as long as 400 bulbs. Officially known as the T1-3/4, the strings are wired in series and parallel, usually in 50-bulb groups (the 50 bulbs are in series which are then wired parallel to the others, making 100-, 150-, 200-, 250-, 300-, 350- or 400-bulb strings). Pretty universally, strings that are grouped by 50 bulbs can be cut down to 50-bulb strings. Mini-lights that are grouped by 50s use 2.5-volt, 170 mA bulbs, while 35-bulb strings use 3.5-volt bulbs. Mini-light bulbs are traditionally painted with a transparent paint, which can under severe or extended weather begin to chip or fade.

;MOC3023 : A 6-Pin DIP 400V Random Phase Triac Driver Output Optocoupler. It provides both triac driver and optoisolator services in one package.

;MOSFET : A semiconductor device that contains diffused source and drain regions on either side of a P- or N-channel area. Also contains a gate insulated from the channel area by silicon-oxide. Operates in either the depletion or the enhancement mode.

;MOV : Metal Oxide Varistor. A resistor that changes value with applied voltage. A varistor may also be called a VDR [Voltage Dependent Resistor]. Varistors will have a negative voltage coefficient. MOV devices are used in parallel with the load.

;Multimeter : A single meter combining the functions of an ammeter, a voltmeter, and an ohmmeter.
 

==N==

;NPN : A type of transistor; it is formed by introducing a thin region of P-type material between two regions of N-type material.
 

==O==

;Ohm : The unit of electrical resistance. That value of electrical resistance through which a constant potential difference of 1 volt across the resistance will maintain a current flow of 1 ampere through the resistance.

;Ohm's Law : The current in an electrical circuit is directly proportional to the electromotive force in the circuit. The most common form of the law is E = IR, where E is the electromotive force or voltage across the circuit, I is the current flowing in the circuit, and R is the resistance of the circuit.

;Olsen 595 : This is a popular light controller based on an approach first popularized on the [http://computerchristmas.com ComputerChristmas] and/or [http://planetchristmas.com PlanetChristmas] forums by Peter Olsen. In its first incarnation it used 8-bit 74HC595 logic chips, often with external buffers. More info on the original Olsen 595 design can be found [http://computerchristmas.com/christmas/link-how_to/HowToId-25/Build_a_1024_Port_Controller_for_100 here].

;Open or Open Circuit : The condition of an electrical circuit caused by the breaking of continuity of one or more conductors of the circuit; usually an undesired condition. A circuit that does not provide a complete path for the flow of current.

;Optoisolator (opto, optocoupler) : A semiconductor device that allows signals to be transferred between circuits or systems, while keeping those circuits or systems electrically isolated from each other. In its simplest form, an optoisolator consists of an light-emitting diode (LED), IRED (infrared-emitting diode), or laser diode for signal transmission, and a photosensor for signal reception.

;Oscillator : A device that produces electrical oscillations at a frequency determined by its unique physical characteristics.
 

==P==

;Parallel Port : A port through which two or more data bits are passed simultaneously, such as all the bits of an 8-bit byte, and that requires as many input channels as the number of bits that are to be handled simultaneously. Typically found on a computer and used as the printer port.

;PCB : Printed Circuit Board. An electronics board that contains layers of circuitry that connect the various components of a system. A PCB can be mass manufactured or can be "home etched," where a hobbyist transfers the design of the PCB to a copper-clad board, uses caustic chemicals to etch away the areas not needed and then drills the holes him or herself.

;PIC : A registered trademark name for microcontrollers produced by Microchip Technology Inc. At DIYC, PIC has become a generic term for microcontrollers.

;Pixel : A term traditionally used in computer graphics to identify a picture element, it has been adapted by the Christmas-lights community to refer to a tri-color (red-green-blue) LED that has an internal controller and is manufactured as a string, a strip (either rigid or flexible) or as modules. Pixels require three channels of sequencing software each, so 10 pixels are 30 channels and 50 pixels are 150 channels. Pixels can be based on any of a variety of controllers, including the TM18xx series, the LPD-6803, the WS2801, the 3001 and the GE ColorEffects chips. Further, pixels can be driven at either 5-volts or 12-volts DC and can have a variety of color orders. For strings, strips or modules of pixels to interoperate, they must have the same controller chip, the same voltage and the same color order (which usually means they must have the exact same manufacturer).

;Polarity : The condition in an electrical circuit by which the direction of the flow of current can be determined. Usually applied to batteries and other direct voltage sources. Two opposite charges, one positive and one negative.

;Potentiometer : A variable resistor having a terminal connected to each end of a resistive element and a third terminal connected to a wiper contact. The output is a voltage that is variable depending upon the position of the wiper contact.

;Power : The rate of doing work or the rate of expending energy. The unit of electrical power is the watt.

;Programmer : A device that connects a personal computer to a microcontroller. Used to download software (firmware) from the PC to the microcontroller.

;Protocol : A formal set of conventions governing the format and control of interaction between the computer and attached hardware.

;Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) : Pulse modulation in which the duration of the pulses is varied by the modulating voltage. A useful technique for dimming lights.
 

==Q==

 

==R==

;Regulator : The section in a basic power supply that maintains the output of the power supply at a constant level in spite of large changes in load current or input line voltage.

;Relay : An electromagnetic device with one or more sets of contacts that change position by the magnetic attraction of a coil to an armature.

;Renard : A unique serial communication protocol developed solely for allowing Vixen to communicate to DIYC light controllers. Also applies to the dimming firmware used by many DIYC light controllers.

;Resistance : The opposition a device or material offers to the flow of current. The effect of resistance is to raise the temperature of the material or device carrying the current. A resistance of 1 ohm will allow a current of 1 ampere to flow through it when a potential of 1 volt is applied.

;Resistor : An electrical component that offers resistance to the flow of current. It may be a coil of fine wire or a composition rod.

;RJ-45 (or RJ45) : Registered Jack 45. A data plug or jack standard that allows for the connection of eight wires. It is similar to the modular plug on telephones (which are usually RJ11), though bigger. It is commonly used in Ethernet cabling and so its components (cable, female connectors, male connectors) are readily available and inexpensive.

;RoHS : Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive. A directive by the European Union that is designed to keep harmful chemicals and materials to a minimum. It is used by electronics manufacturers to denote components that meet the EU requirements.

;RS232 : A telecommunications protocol, Recommended Standard 232 was originally designed to connect teletypes with modems; it has survived to this day as the way computer serial ports send out data. RS232 is implemented in a variety of connectors, but is most commonly seen in the DB9 and DB25 devices. It uses nine wires and supports transmitted data, received data, request to send, carrier detect and ring indicator. It is used in Christmas lights by as the physical layer between PC serial ports and Christmas lights controllers.

;RS485 : A telecommunications protocol, Recommended Standard 485 is typically used in building automation, the programming of logic controllers, sound system control, lighting control and video surveillance camera control. It is a two-wire system that uses a differential form of signaling that supports the transmission of data packets. It can be used over a long distance and supports multi-point connections. It is used in Christmas lights as a distribution system for light controllers signaling devices, sometimes using the DMX512 protocol.
 

==S==

;Schematic : A diagram which shows, by means of graphic symbols, the electrical connections and functions of a specific circuit arrangement.

;Short Circuit : An unintentional current path between two components in a circuit or between a component and ground; usually caused by a circuit malfunction.

;Shunt : A term used interchangeably with jumper. A device used to connect two pins and "jumper" them together.

;Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) : A semiconductor device that functions as an electrically controlled switch.

;Silk Screen : The printed information on a PCB. Typcially yellow or white, it outlines the components and shows the part reference numbers.

;Sink Current : An integrated circuit sinks current when current is flowing from a load [another device] into the circuits output. This is considered negative current to the IC. Basically happens when the integrated circuit output goes to ground [low].

;SMT (or SMD) : Surface mount technology (surface mount device). A method of mounting integrated circuits, microcontrollers and other electronics on printed circuit boards. The method mounts the devices on the top of a PC board rather than using holes through the board. Compare this with DIP.

;SNR : Signal to Noise Ratio. A measure of signal strength relative to background noise.

;Source Current : An integrated circuit sources current when current is flowing from the IC into another device [Load]. Source-ing current is considered to be positive current flow from the ICs prospective. Source current is the opposite to Sink Current.

;SPT(1-3) : Service Parallel Thermoplastic. Commonly referred to as zip cord. There is SPT1, SPT2, and SPT3. The number refers to the thickness of the insulation in 64ths of an inch. SPT1 is often called lamp cord. SPT1 usually has 18 gauge wire. SPT2 is commonly available in 16 or 18 gauge. SPT3 is available as large as 10 gauge.

;SSR: Solid State Relay. An electronic switch, which, unlike an electromechanical relay, contains no moving parts.
:'''DIYC definition'''
::Generally refers to a PCB that contains the circuitry that acts like four separate solid state relays. It receives data from the controller board and uses that information to control the power going to the attached lights. The key components of a DIYC SSR are the Optocoupler and the Triac. More information on SSRs can be found [[Solid State Relays | here]].

;SSROZ : Solid State Relay from Oz. A DIYC design for a SSR PCB. Contains circuitry equal to four separate solid state relays. Provides independent control of four channels of lights. Designed by John Wilson (wjohn).

;SWR : Standing Wave Ratio. The ratio of the maximum (voltage, current) to the minimum (voltage, current) points of a transmission line. Indicates the impedance matching quality of the termination of the line.
 

==T==

;Tinning : The process of applying a thin coat of solder to materials prior to their being soldered; for example, application of a light coat of solder to the filaments of a conductor to hold the filaments in place prior to soldering of the conductor.

;Transformer : A device composed of two or more coils, linked by magnetic lines of force, used to transfer energy from one circuit to another.

;Transistor : A basic solid-state semiconductor that has three terminals and can be used for amplification, switching and/or detection.

;Triac : TRIode for Alternating Current. This is an electronic component approximately equivalent to two silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs/thyristors) joined in inverse parallel (paralleled but with the polarity reversed) and with their gates connected together. This results in a bidirectional electronic switch which can conduct current in either direction when it is triggered (turned on).

;Twisted Pair : A line consisting of two insulated wires twisted together to form a flexible line without the use of spacers.
 

==U==

;ULN2803 : An array of eight Darlington transistors (which themselves are arrays of two transistors) that amplify current. Often used in Christmas lights as devices to increase the current coming from a microcontroller to an SSR so that there is enough power to turn on (or off) the SSR.

;USB : Universal Serial Bus, a computer bus which provides two-way communication between the PC and peripheral devices, over a differential 4-wire serial interface cable.
 

==V==

;Via : A plated-thru hole in a printed circuit board. A via may may exist between one or more adjacent board layers, or through the entire board. A blind via runs vertically between the top [or bottom] side and through one or more adjacent board layers, but not through the entire board.

;Voltage : The term used to signify electrical pressure. Voltage is a force that causes current to flow through an electrical conductor. The voltage of a circuit is the greatest effective difference of potential between any two conductors of the circuit.

;Voltage Drop : The difference in voltage between two points. It is the result of the loss of electrical pressure as a current flows through a resistance.

;Voltage regulator : An electronic device designed to take a higher voltage and make it conform to a specific lower voltage. Provide a 5-volt regulator with 12 volts as an input and it will put out a steady 5 volts; provide a 12-volt regulator with 14.5 volts and it will output a steady 12 volts. While some regulators are designed for specific voltages, others can provide a range of voltages depending upon resistance applied; variable voltage regulators can be controlled by potentiometers (i.e.: volume control), so that you can turn a knob and get various voltages depending on where the knob is.
 

==W==

;Watt : The unit of electrical power that is the product of voltage and current.
 

==X==

;XLR Connector : A shielded 5-conductor plug/jack used for DMX connections. Also can be a 3-conductor plug generally used for microphones.

;XTAL : Short for crystal.
 

==Y==
 

==Z==

;Zener Diode : A PN-junction diode designed to operate in the reverse-bias breakdown region. It is designed to conduct in the reverse [bias] direction: with a precise breakdown voltage [Vz].
;Zero Crossing : In alternating current, the zero crossing is the instantaneous point at which there is no voltage present. In a sine wave or other simple waveform, this normally occurs twice during each cycle.

[[Category:DIYC Home]]
[[Category:Beginners Info]]
[[Category:General Info]]
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Glossary

2012-01-20T01:51:06Z

Dmcole: /* P */ Added term "Pixel"

__NOTOC__

[[#A |A]] [[#B | B]] [[#C | C]] [[#D | D]] [[#E | E]] [[#F | F]] [[#G | G]] [[#H | H]] [[#I | I]] [[#J | J]] [[#K | K]] [[#L | L]] [[#M | M]] [[#N | N]] [[#O | O]] [[#P | P]] [[#Q | Q]] [[#R | R]] [[#S | S]] [[#T | T]] [[#U | U]] [[#V | V]] [[#W | W]] [[#X | X]] [[#Y | Y]] [[#Z | Z]]

==A==
;Amp : Ampere. The basic unit of electrical current. Applying one volt across a one ohm resistor will cause a current of one ampere to flow. The letter 'I' is used to denote current.

;Anode : A positive electrode of an electrochemical device (such as a primary or secondary electric cell) toward which the negative ions are drawn. The semiconductor-diode terminal that is positive with respect to the other terminal when the diode is biased in the forward direction.

;AWG : American Wire Gauge. The standards adopted in the United States for the measurement of wire sizes. [http://www.powerstream.com/Wire_Size.htm AWG Chart]
 

==B==

;Base : The region between the emitter and collector of a transistor that receives minority carriers injected from the emitter. The element in a transistor that controls the flow of current carriers. It is the element that corresponds to the control grid of an electron tube.

;Baud : A measurement of data transmission speed based on the number of code elements or units per second.

;BNC : Bayonet Nut Connection. A type of connector typically used on coaxial cables.

;BOM : Bill of Material. A listing all the parts required to assemble a project or to populate a circuit board.

 

==C==

;Capacitor : An electrical component that stores an electric charge and releases it when its needed.

;Cathode : The general name for any negative electrode. The negative terminal of a forward-biased semiconductor diode, which is the source of the electrons.

;Center Tap : A connection made to a point half way along a winding of a transformer or inductor, or along the element of a resistor or a potentiometer.

;Channel : In DIYC, a channel refers to an individual line that can be independently controlled. As an example, the Grinch can control 64 channels, that is 64 independent lines that it can control.

;COOP : A co-operative effort by participating DIYC members to pool their resources together to make a purchase of an item(s) in large quantity in an attempt to reduce the cost to the individual participants.

;Coop Olsen 595 : This light controller is based on the Olsen 595 design. It is a 64 channel controller with basic ON/OFF capabilities. Normally gets its input from the parallel port of the controlling computer. On-board status LED for each channel. Developed by Brian Bresocnik (Macrosill). More info [[64 Channel Olsen 595 Controller Assembly Instructions | here]]. AKA - Brian's Olsen 595 board.

;COOP SSR : A DIYC design for a SSR PCB. Contains circuitry equal to four separate solid state relays. Provides independent control of four channels of lights. Designed by Sean Bowf. AKA - Sean's SSR.

;Coaxial Cable : A cable with one conductor completely surrounded by another conductor, separated by a dielectric. The two conductors being coaxial. Some types of coax cables use multiple conductors surrounding each other. Normally only the inner conductor carries a signal. The outer conductors [Braid] are used as a shield, or grounded. Coaxial Cable is normally used in RF transmission. The term Coaxial is normally shortened to Coax. Types of Coaxial Cable include: RG-6, RG-8, RG-11, RG-58, RG-59.

;Collector : The electrode in a transistor through which a primary flow of carriers leaves the region between the electrodes.

;Continuity : An uninterrupted, complete path for current flow. When checking for continuity you are usually looking for a short.

;Current : The movement of electrons past a reference point. The passage of electrons through a conductor. Measured in amperes.
 

==D==

;dB : decibel. A unit of relative sound or radio transmission intensity.

;Decoupling capacitor : A capacitor that is included in circuits with integrated circuits to insure that overall circuit voltage doesn't dip or spike elsewhere in the circuit due to the demands of the integrated circuit. When the integrated circuit needs a burst of energy, the decoupling capacitor provides the needed energy without causing a drop in the voltage for the rest of the circuit.

;Dielectric : An insulating (nonconducting) medium. A substance in which an electric field may be maintained with zero or near-zero power dissipation, i.e., the electrical conductivity is zero or near zero. An insulator; a term applied to the insulating material between the plates of a capacitor.

;Diode : An electrical device that will allow current to pass in only one direction. Consists of a cathode and an anode. A two-terminal semiconductor device used chiefly as a rectifier.

;DIP : Dual In-line Package. An IC package having two parallel rows of leads. Sometimes called "through-hole package," because holes are drilled in the PC boards and the package is soldered to the board on the side opposite the package.

;Dipole : A basic radio antenna that consists of two elements, each of equal length. The length of the elements is an algorithmic function of the frequency over which the broadcast is being made.

;DIYC : Do It Yourself Christmas.com

;DMX (or DMX512) : Digital Multiplex. A lighting control protocol standard developed to handle communications between commercial (usually entertainment, such as theater or music events) lighting control boards and the individual devices, such as lekos (elliposoidals), fresnels, moving lights, strip lights or DJ effect lights. DMX allows up to 512 devices to be attached, daisy-chain, to one wire, each controlled individually. For more information on DMX click [[DMX | here]].
 

==E==
;Electrode : The terminal at which electricity passes from one medium into another, such as in an electrical cell where the current leaves or returns to the electrolyte.

;Electrolyte : A solution of a substance that is capable of conducting electricity. An electrolyte may be in the form of either a liquid or a paste.

;Electrolytic Capacitor : A capacitor that normally uses two aluminum foils separated by an insulating paper. The paper and foils are rolled and impregnated with a liquid electrolyte. Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors are polarized, and may be used DC circuits.

;Electrostatic Discharge Sensitive (ESDS) : The level of susceptibility of devices to damage by static electricity, found by classification testing, is used as the basis for assigning an ESDS class. Electronic parts having sensitive characteristics (e.g., thin-layered internal composition) and delicate, miniaturized construction which are susceptible to damage or degradation, in various degrees, from environmental field forces (electrostatic, electromagnetic, magnetic, or radioactive). This susceptibility also extends to the standard electronic modules, printed circuit boards, printed wiring boards, and circuit card assemblies containing one or more of these sensitive electronic parts.

;Emitter : The element in a transistor that emits current carriers (electrons or holes).

;Energized : Electrically connected to a source of potential difference, or electrically charged so as to have a potential significantly different from that of earth in the vicinity. A "live" circuit.

;ESD : Electrostatic Discharge. More info on ESD is available [http://www.interfacebus.com/glossary-of-terms-esd-definition.html here].
 

==F==

;Farad : The basic unit of capacitance. A capacitor has a capacitance of 1 farad when a voltage potential of 1 volt across it produces a charge of 1 coulomb. Most capacitors used on DIYC boards are in the microfarad (labeled mF or uF) or picofarad (labeled pF) range.

;FCC : The Federal Communications Commission. The FCC was established by the Communications Act of 1934 and is charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire (telegraph, telephone), satellite and cable.

;FET : Field-Effect Transistor. A transistor consisting of a source, a gate, and a drain. Current flow is controlled by the transverse electric field under the gate.

;Firmware : A set of instructions (software program) installed into a microprocessor. It provides the necessary instructions for how the device is supposed to operate.

;Flux : A solution or paste that removes surface oxides from metals being soldered.

;Full-Wave Rectifier : A circuit that uses both positive and negative alternations in an alternating current to produce direct current; it changes alternating current to direct current.

;Fuse : A device that has as its critical component a metal wire or strip that will melt when heated by a prescribed (design) amperage, creating an open in the circuit of which it is a part, thereby protecting the circuit from an over current condition. It protects wiring from over-heating and causing fire.
 

==G==

;GFCI : Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter. An electrical safety device installed in a power panel, sub-panel or outlet box that instantly shuts off the electricity when there is an imbalance in the flow of electricity from hot to neutral. This imbalance can indicate that that an individual is getting an electrical shock. A GFCI should be used in all outdoor high-voltage environments (regular household current) and the device should be tested on a regular basis.

;GRINCH : A 64 channel controller with basic ON/OFF capabilities. Normally gets its input from the parallel port of the controlling computer. No status LEDs, inexpensive/simple to build. Developed by Robert Jordan (RJ). More info [[The GRINCH Controller | here]].

;Ground : The point in a circuit used as a common reference point for measuring purposes. To connect some point of an electrical circuit or some item of electrical equipment to earth or to the conducting medium used in lieu thereof.
 

==H==

;Half-Wave Rectifier : A rectifier using only one-half of each cycle to change AC to pulsating DC.

;Heat Shunt : A device (preferably a clip-on type) used to absorb heat and protect heat-sensitive components during soldering.

;Heat Sink : A piece of metal attached to an electronic component (such as triac, transistor, or voltage regulator) that serves to dissipate or absorb unwanted heat. Many electronics components have two ratings, a lower one when a heat sink is not used and a higher one where a heat sink is in place. Also called a dissipator.
 

==I==

;Inductance : The property of a circuit that tends to oppose a change in the existing current flow. The symbol for inductance is L.

;Induction : The act or process of producing voltage and current by the relative motion of a magnetic field across a conductor.

;Insulated : Separated from other conducting surfaces by a dielectric (including air space) offering a high resistance to the passage of current. Note: When any object is said to be insulated, it is understood to be insulated for the conditions to which it is normally subjected. Otherwise, it is, uninsulated.

;Insulation : A material used to prevent the leakage of electricity from a conductor and to provide mechanical spacing or support as protection against accidental contact with the conductor.

;Insulation Resistance : The resistance offered by an insulating material to current leakage.

;Insulator : Material of such low conductivity that the flow of current through it can usually be neglected. A device having high electrical resistance; used for supporting or separating conductors so as to prevent undesired flow of current from the conductors to other objects.

;Integrated Circuit (IC) : A circuit in which many elements are fabricated and interconnected by a single process (into a single chip), as opposed to a "nonintegrated" circuit in which the transistors, diodes, resistors, and other components are fabricated separately and then assembled. Elements inseparably associated and formed on or within a single substrate.

;Inverter : A circuit with one input and one output. Its function is to invert or reverse the input. When the input is high, the output is low, and vice versa. The inverter is sometimes called a NOT circuit, since it produces the reverse of the input.
 

==J==

;Jumper : A short length of wire used to complete a circuit.
 

==K==

 
==L==

;LED : Light Emitting Diode. A solid-state, semiconductor device that converts electrical energy directly into light. LEDs show up in Christmas lighting in two contexts: the first is as a power or signal indicator in controllers or SSRs, while the second is their use as a substitute for incandescent lamps. LED Christmas light strings use about one-tenth the energy of an incandescent lamp and have a crystal-clear color brightness that incandescents cannot achieve.
 

==M==

;Microcontroller : A computer-on-a-chip that emphasizes high integration, low power consumption, self-sufficiency and relatively low cost. Typically, a microcontroller has flash-type read-write memory allowing a programming station (usually called a PIC programmer) to enter in task-specific programs, which can be written in programming languages such as C, C++, BASIC or even in assembly code (which, of course, is the most efficient).

;MOC3023 : A 6-Pin DIP 400V Random Phase Triac Driver Output Optocoupler. It provides both triac driver and optoisolator services in one package.

;MOSFET : A semiconductor device that contains diffused source and drain regions on either side of a P- or N-channel area. Also contains a gate insulated from the channel area by silicon-oxide. Operates in either the depletion or the enhancement mode.

;MOV : Metal Oxide Varistor. A resistor that changes value with applied voltage. A varistor may also be called a VDR [Voltage Dependent Resistor]. Varistors will have a negative voltage coefficient. MOV devices are used in parallel with the load.

;Multimeter : A single meter combining the functions of an ammeter, a voltmeter, and an ohmmeter.
 

==N==

;NPN : A type of transistor; it is formed by introducing a thin region of P-type material between two regions of N-type material.
 

==O==

;Ohm : The unit of electrical resistance. That value of electrical resistance through which a constant potential difference of 1 volt across the resistance will maintain a current flow of 1 ampere through the resistance.

;Ohm's Law : The current in an electrical circuit is directly proportional to the electromotive force in the circuit. The most common form of the law is E = IR, where E is the electromotive force or voltage across the circuit, I is the current flowing in the circuit, and R is the resistance of the circuit.

;Olsen 595 : This is a popular light controller based on an approach first popularized on the [http://computerchristmas.com ComputerChristmas] and/or [http://planetchristmas.com PlanetChristmas] forums by Peter Olsen. In its first incarnation it used 8-bit 74HC595 logic chips, often with external buffers. More info on the original Olsen 595 design can be found [http://computerchristmas.com/christmas/link-how_to/HowToId-25/Build_a_1024_Port_Controller_for_100 here].

;Open or Open Circuit : The condition of an electrical circuit caused by the breaking of continuity of one or more conductors of the circuit; usually an undesired condition. A circuit that does not provide a complete path for the flow of current.

;Optoisolator (opto, optocoupler) : A semiconductor device that allows signals to be transferred between circuits or systems, while keeping those circuits or systems electrically isolated from each other. In its simplest form, an optoisolator consists of an light-emitting diode (LED), IRED (infrared-emitting diode), or laser diode for signal transmission, and a photosensor for signal reception.

;Oscillator : A device that produces electrical oscillations at a frequency determined by its unique physical characteristics.
 

==P==

;Parallel Port : A port through which two or more data bits are passed simultaneously, such as all the bits of an 8-bit byte, and that requires as many input channels as the number of bits that are to be handled simultaneously. Typically found on a computer and used as the printer port.

;PCB : Printed Circuit Board. An electronics board that contains layers of circuitry that connect the various components of a system. A PCB can be mass manufactured or can be "home etched," where a hobbyist transfers the design of the PCB to a copper-clad board, uses caustic chemicals to etch away the areas not needed and then drills the holes him or herself.

;PIC : A registered trademark name for microcontrollers produced by Microchip Technology Inc. At DIYC, PIC has become a generic term for microcontrollers.

;Pixel : A term traditionally used in computer graphics to identify a picture element, it has been adapted by the Christmas-lights community to refer to a tri-color (red-green-blue) LED that has an internal controller and is manufactured as a string, a strip (either rigid or flexible) or as modules. Pixels require three channels of sequencing software each, so 10 pixels are 30 channels and 50 pixels are 150 channels. Pixels can be based on any of a variety of controllers, including the TM18xx series, the LPD-6803, the WS2801, the 3001 and the GE ColorEffects chips. Further, pixels can be driven at either 5-volts or 12-volts DC and can have a variety of color orders. For strings, strips or modules of pixels to interoperate, they must have the same controller chip, the same voltage and the same color order (which usually means they must have the exact same manufacturer).

;Polarity : The condition in an electrical circuit by which the direction of the flow of current can be determined. Usually applied to batteries and other direct voltage sources. Two opposite charges, one positive and one negative.

;Potentiometer : A variable resistor having a terminal connected to each end of a resistive element and a third terminal connected to a wiper contact. The output is a voltage that is variable depending upon the position of the wiper contact.

;Power : The rate of doing work or the rate of expending energy. The unit of electrical power is the watt.

;Programmer : A device that connects a personal computer to a microcontroller. Used to download software (firmware) from the PC to the microcontroller.

;Protocol : A formal set of conventions governing the format and control of interaction between the computer and attached hardware.

;Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) : Pulse modulation in which the duration of the pulses is varied by the modulating voltage. A useful technique for dimming lights.
 

==Q==

 

==R==

;Regulator : The section in a basic power supply that maintains the output of the power supply at a constant level in spite of large changes in load current or input line voltage.

;Relay : An electromagnetic device with one or more sets of contacts that change position by the magnetic attraction of a coil to an armature.

;Renard : A unique serial communication protocol developed solely for allowing Vixen to communicate to DIYC light controllers. Also applies to the dimming firmware used by many DIYC light controllers.

;Resistance : The opposition a device or material offers to the flow of current. The effect of resistance is to raise the temperature of the material or device carrying the current. A resistance of 1 ohm will allow a current of 1 ampere to flow through it when a potential of 1 volt is applied.

;Resistor : An electrical component that offers resistance to the flow of current. It may be a coil of fine wire or a composition rod.

;RJ-45 (or RJ45) : Registered Jack 45. A data plug or jack standard that allows for the connection of eight wires. It is similar to the modular plug on telephones (which are usually RJ11), though bigger. It is commonly used in Ethernet cabling and so its components (cable, female connectors, male connectors) are readily available and inexpensive.

;RoHS : Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive. A directive by the European Union that is designed to keep harmful chemicals and materials to a minimum. It is used by electronics manufacturers to denote components that meet the EU requirements.

;RS232 : A telecommunications protocol, Recommended Standard 232 was originally designed to connect teletypes with modems; it has survived to this day as the way computer serial ports send out data. RS232 is implemented in a variety of connectors, but is most commonly seen in the DB9 and DB25 devices. It uses nine wires and supports transmitted data, received data, request to send, carrier detect and ring indicator. It is used in Christmas lights by as the physical layer between PC serial ports and Christmas lights controllers.

;RS485 : A telecommunications protocol, Recommended Standard 485 is typically used in building automation, the programming of logic controllers, sound system control, lighting control and video surveillance camera control. It is a two-wire system that uses a differential form of signaling that supports the transmission of data packets. It can be used over a long distance and supports multi-point connections. It is used in Christmas lights as a distribution system for light controllers signaling devices, sometimes using the DMX512 protocol.
 

==S==

;Schematic : A diagram which shows, by means of graphic symbols, the electrical connections and functions of a specific circuit arrangement.

;Short Circuit : An unintentional current path between two components in a circuit or between a component and ground; usually caused by a circuit malfunction.

;Shunt : A term used interchangeably with jumper. A device used to connect two pins and "jumper" them together.

;Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) : A semiconductor device that functions as an electrically controlled switch.

;Silk Screen : The printed information on a PCB. Typcially yellow or white, it outlines the components and shows the part reference numbers.

;Sink Current : An integrated circuit sinks current when current is flowing from a load [another device] into the circuits output. This is considered negative current to the IC. Basically happens when the integrated circuit output goes to ground [low].

;SMT (or SMD) : Surface mount technology (surface mount device). A method of mounting integrated circuits, microcontrollers and other electronics on printed circuit boards. The method mounts the devices on the top of a PC board rather than using holes through the board. Compare this with DIP.

;SNR : Signal to Noise Ratio. A measure of signal strength relative to background noise.

;Source Current : An integrated circuit sources current when current is flowing from the IC into another device [Load]. Source-ing current is considered to be positive current flow from the ICs prospective. Source current is the opposite to Sink Current.

;SPT(1-3) : Service Parallel Thermoplastic. Commonly referred to as zip cord. There is SPT1, SPT2, and SPT3. The number refers to the thickness of the insulation in 64ths of an inch. SPT1 is often called lamp cord. SPT1 usually has 18 gauge wire. SPT2 is commonly available in 16 or 18 gauge. SPT3 is available as large as 10 gauge.

;SSR: Solid State Relay. An electronic switch, which, unlike an electromechanical relay, contains no moving parts.
:'''DIYC definition'''
::Generally refers to a PCB that contains the circuitry that acts like four separate solid state relays. It receives data from the controller board and uses that information to control the power going to the attached lights. The key components of a DIYC SSR are the Optocoupler and the Triac. More information on SSRs can be found [[Solid State Relays | here]].

;SSROZ : Solid State Relay from Oz. A DIYC design for a SSR PCB. Contains circuitry equal to four separate solid state relays. Provides independent control of four channels of lights. Designed by John Wilson (wjohn).

;SWR : Standing Wave Ratio. The ratio of the maximum (voltage, current) to the minimum (voltage, current) points of a transmission line. Indicates the impedance matching quality of the termination of the line.
 

==T==

;Tinning : The process of applying a thin coat of solder to materials prior to their being soldered; for example, application of a light coat of solder to the filaments of a conductor to hold the filaments in place prior to soldering of the conductor.

;Transformer : A device composed of two or more coils, linked by magnetic lines of force, used to transfer energy from one circuit to another.

;Transistor : A basic solid-state semiconductor that has three terminals and can be used for amplification, switching and/or detection.

;Triac : TRIode for Alternating Current. This is an electronic component approximately equivalent to two silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs/thyristors) joined in inverse parallel (paralleled but with the polarity reversed) and with their gates connected together. This results in a bidirectional electronic switch which can conduct current in either direction when it is triggered (turned on).

;Twisted Pair : A line consisting of two insulated wires twisted together to form a flexible line without the use of spacers.
 

==U==

;ULN2803 : An array of eight Darlington transistors (which themselves are arrays of two transistors) that amplify current. Often used in Christmas lights as devices to increase the current coming from a microcontroller to an SSR so that there is enough power to turn on (or off) the SSR.

;USB : Universal Serial Bus, a computer bus which provides two-way communication between the PC and peripheral devices, over a differential 4-wire serial interface cable.
 

==V==

;Via : A plated-thru hole in a printed circuit board. A via may may exist between one or more adjacent board layers, or through the entire board. A blind via runs vertically between the top [or bottom] side and through one or more adjacent board layers, but not through the entire board.

;Voltage : The term used to signify electrical pressure. Voltage is a force that causes current to flow through an electrical conductor. The voltage of a circuit is the greatest effective difference of potential between any two conductors of the circuit.

;Voltage Drop : The difference in voltage between two points. It is the result of the loss of electrical pressure as a current flows through a resistance.

;Voltage regulator : An electronic device designed to take a higher voltage and make it conform to a specific lower voltage. Provide a 5-volt regulator with 12 volts as an input and it will put out a steady 5 volts; provide a 12-volt regulator with 14.5 volts and it will output a steady 12 volts. While some regulators are designed for specific voltages, others can provide a range of voltages depending upon resistance applied; variable voltage regulators can be controlled by potentiometers (i.e.: volume control), so that you can turn a knob and get various voltages depending on where the knob is.
 

==W==

;Watt : The unit of electrical power that is the product of voltage and current.
 

==X==

;XLR Connector : A shielded 5-conductor plug/jack used for DMX connections. Also can be a 3-conductor plug generally used for microphones.

;XTAL : Short for crystal.
 

==Y==
 

==Z==

;Zener Diode : A PN-junction diode designed to operate in the reverse-bias breakdown region. It is designed to conduct in the reverse [bias] direction: with a precise breakdown voltage [Vz].
;Zero Crossing : In alternating current, the zero crossing is the instantaneous point at which there is no voltage present. In a sine wave or other simple waveform, this normally occurs twice during each cycle.

[[Category:DIYC Home]]
[[Category:Beginners Info]]
[[Category:General Info]]
[[Category:DIYC Index]]

FAST Finally Affordable Snowfall Tube

2011-10-05T01:22:46Z

Dmcole: /* Final Assembly */ Reworded to include left and right columns of holes; changed picture to diagram showing wiring clearly.

== F.A.S.T ('''F'''inally '''A'''ffordable '''S'''nowfall '''T'''ube) ==

* NOTE - THIS PAGE IS A WORK IN-PROGRESS - IT IS NOT COMPLETE YET *

===What is FAST===
FAST was created by [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/member.php?7268-chelmuth Cory Helmuth] as a inexpensive substitute for commercial snowfall (meteor) tubes. Snowfall tubes are long clear plastic tubes that have a group of LEDs arranged in a linear fashion and the LEDs light in a sequential manner from the top to the bottom. The visual effect looks like a bright snowflake falling down. The FAST consists of a [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/wiki/images/f/f9/FAST_Controller.png FAST Controller PCB] that drives 1-8 [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/wiki/images/a/a3/LED_Segment.png LED Segment PCBs] each with 7 LED's per segment for a total of 7-56 SuperFlux LED's. Based on the numbr of LED Segment Boards used, the snowfall tubes can be between 6" to 48" in length.

The FAST is designed using a concept called [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlieplexing Charlieplexing] Charlieplexing, in its simplest form, works using a matrix of complementary pairs of LEDs. This allows a large number of LEDs to be driven by a small number of I/O pins from a PIC microcontroller. In the FAST, 56 LEDs are controlled using just 8 connections! 

===FAST Controller===
[[File:FAST-Controller-PCB1.jpg|300px]] 
The FAST Controller is a brains of the FAST, it contains a [http://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/41203B.pdf PIC16F688-I/P] Microcontroller. The PIC must be programmed with the FAST software. The FAST controller is connected to a clean and stable 5VDC input to power the microprocessor and the LEDs. The FAST controller output is connected to a FAST LED Segment PCB. 

===FAST LED Segment===
[[File:FAST-Segment-PCB1.jpg|600px]] 
The FAST LED Segment board is an approximately 6" long modular board that contains 7 Piranha Style Superflux LEDs connected in a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlieplexing Charlieplexed] fashion. The boards are designed to allow multiple boards to be daisy chained to allow various length tubes to be constructed. From 1 - 8 boards can be connected to each FAST controller creating a 6" to 48" long snowfall tube.

=== Using the FAST ===

The FAST is run on 5vdc and its operation is quite simple: You apply power and the tube starts to run; when you want it to stop, you remove power. If you want it to make a half fall, you simply remove power before it gets to the bottom of the tube. If you want it to fall twice, you leave power applied long enough to get two falls. The length of fall time will depend upon variables you change in the firmware when you program the PIC.

=== Controlling the FAST ===

The FAST is driven by 5vdc and draws approximately 25ma. The unit can be directly connected to a 5vdc power supply and the tube will run continuously. The FAST can also be driven by a variety of controllers. Examples of these are the [[Renard 24LV|Frank's Ren24LV]], a [[Renard_64XC|Ren64XC]] with [[DCSSR|DCSSRs]] and the [[Ren48LSDv3c|Ren48LSD]]. Note that the [[Ren48LSDv3c|Ren48LSD]] was designed specifically for the purpose of driving Super Strips. The Ren64XC/DCSSR combination will work as well but it's a more expensive, larger and more cumbersome configuration to use but if you are driving other higher current DC devices, it can work fine.

==BOM==
From Mouser: 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Qty
! Part Number
! Description
|-
| 1
|571-1-390261-3
|IC & Component Sockets 14P ECONOMY TIN
|-
| 1
|579-PIC16F688-I/P
|Microcontrollers (MCU) 7KB 256 RAM 12 I/O
|-
| 8
|299-51-RC
|Carbon Film Resistors - Through Hole 51ohms
|-
|1
|80-C322C104K5R
|0.1uF Capacitor Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors
|}

In addition, you will need up to 56 White Piranha Style Super flux LEDs. Other colors could be used, but you may need to adjust the resistor values on the controller board. 

The FAST needs to be placed in a housing for display. A common fluorescent tube protector which is available from [http://www.homedepot.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?storeId=10051&productId=100163152&langId=-1&catalogId=10053 Home Depot] or [http://www.lowes.com/pd_280611-337-LTG04T8_0__?productId=1208471 Lowes] works well. A similar tube is available in quantity from [http://www.mcmaster.com/#2044T47 McMaster Carr] 
During the 2011 Fall [http://www.crazychristmaslights.net/shop/ Group Buy] a [http://www.crazychristmaslights.net/shop/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=24 Hanging End Cap] was available. These caps are specifically designed to fit the [http://www.mcmaster.com/#2044T47 McMaster Carr] 2044T47 Plastic Tube 1.09" Inside Diameter, 4' Length $2.11.

==PCBs==
The PCBs for the FAST were designed by [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/member.php?7268-chelmuth Cory Helmuth] and [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/member.php?9-P.-Short Phil Short]. They are available by contacting [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/member.php?3704-dlovely dlovely]
===FAST Controller PCB===
[[File:FAST_Controller.png|300px]]
===FAST LED Segment PCB===
[[File:LED_Segment.png|300px]]
 

==Assembly Instructions==
'''This section is still being written , it is not final!''' 

Assembly of the FAST is done in three steps:
# Assembly of the FAST Controller.
# Assembly of the LED Segments.
# Connecting the two units together and installing them in a housing. 

Begin by inspecting the PCBs to look for any defects such as cracks or breaks. The holes on the board should be open on both sides. Then inspect and sort out the various parts for the boards. 

===FAST Controller Assembly===
1. Install the eight 51 ohm resistors in positions R1-R8. 
[[File:Build-01.jpg|300px]] 
2. Install the 14 pin IC socket so that the notch faces the top of the board like the silkscreen. 
[[File:Build-02.jpg|300px]] 
3. Install the 0.1uF capacitor in position C1. The capacitor is not polarized, so it can go in either way. 
4. Cut and solder eight 3" lengths of wire to J2 on the end of the board. The wires are numbered from 1-8. The #1 wire is near the bottom of the board in the square hole. 
5. Solder the input power wires to J1. The positive wire goes to the hole marked with the "+". 
6. Put the board to the side and do not install the PIC yet. 

===LED Segment Assembly===
It is strongly recommended that you test each LED before you solder it to the PCB using a LED tester. 

Based on how long you are making the FAST, you will need to assemble 1-8 LED Segment boards. 
1. Solder the seven Superflux LEDs to the LED Segment PCB. The LEDs are polarized, there is one corner that is cut off and not square. The LED must be installed so that the orientation of the notched corner matches the silkscreen. If you are using the LEDs sold in the Fall2011 group buy, they are inserted with the notched corner matching the silkscreen. '''WARNING, Some LEDs from other vendors may have different orientations and they may need to be rotated 180 degrees from the silkscreen drawing. Please check to make sure know the correct orientation for your LEDs before soldering them to the PCB.''' The correct orientation of the LEDs would be to have the two cathode(-) pins of the LED in inserted in the two left side holes in the PCB. 
[[File:FAST-LED-orientation.jpg|246px]] 

2. Repeat Step #1 for each of your LED Segment PCBs. 
3. The LED Segment PCBs need to be interconnected to make them the desired length. This is done by aligning the Input holes of one PCB with the Output holes of the next board. To do this lay one board on top of the next and carefully align the Input and Output Holes. You need to solder eight jumpers through these holes to each of the PCBs. Short lengths or wire or cutoff leads from resistors or other components work great. 
[[File:Clips 1.jpg|300px]] 

[[File:Clips 2.jpg|300px]] 

[[File:Clips 3.jpg|300px]] 
4. Repeat Step #3 until you have the correct number of LED Segment PCBs connected. 

===Final Assembly===
1. Solder the wires from the FAST Controller to the Input of the top LED Segment PCB. The #1 wire on the controller side is near the top of the board and has a square hole. It is soldered to the top left hole of the Input of the top LED Segment PCB, which is marked by the number 1 near the top of the board. The holes on the LED Segment board are offset into two columns, which are odd and even. So the #2 wire from the FAST Controller goes into the first hole in right column slightly below and to the right of where you soldered in the first wire. The #3 wire goes in the hole directly below the #1 wire in the left column. The #4 wire goes below the #2 wire. Continue until you have soldered in all eight wires. 
2. Inspect all of the PCBs to make sure that there are no issues with the soldering. 
3. Insert the PIC into the socket on the FAST Controller 
[[File:FAST-wiring2.jpg|300px]] 
4. Apply 5vdc to the power input of the FAST Controller and the LEDS should begin to light and fall. 
5. The FAST Controller should be placed behind the top LED Segment PCB with some cardboard between the board to prevent them from shorting out. This assembly can then slide into the plastic housing. 
[[File:Connection_Top.jpg|300px]] 
[[File:Connection_Side.jpg|300px]] 
6. Apply the end caps and seal the tube to prevent rain from entering. 

Congratulations, you have finished constructing your FAST. 

==Schematic==
===FAST Controller===
[[File:FAST_Controller_SCH.jpg|300px]] 
===FAST LED Segment===
TBD 

==Firmware==
The firmware is under development. If you are interested in helping add features, please contact [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/member.php?7268-chelmuth chelmuth] The current versions are available here. 
[[File:FAST With Tail (Modular Wiring) 20110804.asm]] 
This is the original Static Speed with tail. You can Change the fall rate by changing lines that I have commented.
 
 
[[File:FAST Snowfall Tube With Tail (Random) 20110813 .asm]]‎ 
This is the newer Static Speed and Random Speed firmware. There are more settings you can change in this firmware. Fall Rate, Random Rate, Speed up as it falls, Etc. Looks for the Lines commented with ######## for options you can change to customize your FAST tubes.
 
 
[[File:FAST_Snowfall_Tube_Segment_(Diag)_20110926.asm]] 
This is a diagnostic firmware for the FAST. This will go through and light one LED at a time for about 2 seconds to help identify wiring issues or shorts or opens.

==FAST Discussion Threads==
[http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/showthread.php?15589-Finally-Affortable-Snowfall-Tubes-(FAST) Original Thread] 
[http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/showthread.php?16137-Interest-FAST-LEDancer Interest Thread] 
[http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/showthread.php?16456-FAST-Ren48LSD-Ren4Flood-DIYC-Flood-Offsite-Group-Buy Group Buy Thread] 

==Video==
[http://vimeo.com/27348185 18" Prototype] 
[http://vimeo.com/23734734 Full 56 LED Proof of Concept Design]

[[Category:LED Projects]]
[[Category:DIYC Index]]
[[Category:Display_Items]]

File:FAST-wiring2.jpg

2011-10-05T01:16:51Z

Dmcole: Diagram showing how the FAST controller is wired to the FAST LED boards.

Diagram showing how the FAST controller is wired to the FAST LED boards.

FAST Finally Affordable Snowfall Tube

2011-09-26T01:12:09Z

Dmcole: /* Using the FAST */

== F.A.S.T ('''F'''inally '''A'''ffordable '''S'''nowfall '''T'''ube) ==

* NOTE - THIS PAGE IS A WORK IN-PROGRESS - IT IS NOT COMPLETE YET *

===What is FAST===
FAST was created by [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/member.php?7268-chelmuth Cory Helmuth] as a inexpensive substitute for commercial snowfall (meteor) tubes. Snowfall tubes are long clear plastic tubes that have a group of LEDs arranged in a linear fashion and the LEDs light in a sequential manner from the top to the bottom. The visual effect looks like a bright snowflake falling down. The FAST consists of a [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/wiki/images/f/f9/FAST_Controller.png FAST Controller PCB] that drives 1-8 [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/wiki/images/a/a3/LED_Segment.png LED Segment PCBs] each with 7 LED's per segment for a total of 7-56 SuperFlux LED's. Based on the numbr of LED Segment Boards used, the snowfall tubes can be between 6" to 48" in length.

The FAST is designed using a concept called [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlieplexing Charlieplexing] Charlieplexing, in its simplest form, works using a matrix of complementary pairs of LEDs. This allows a large number of LEDs to be driven by a small number of I/O pins from a PIC microcontroller. In the FAST, 56 LEDs are controlled using just 8 connections! 

===FAST Controller===
[[File:FAST-Controller-PCB1.jpg|300px]] 
The FAST Controller is a brains of the FAST, it contains a [http://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/41203B.pdf PIC16F688-I/P] Microcontroller. The PIC must be programmed with the FAST software. The FAST controller is connected to a clean and stable 5VDC input to power the microprocessor and the LEDs. The FAST controller output is connected to a FAST LED Segment PCB. 

===FAST LED Segment===
[[File:FAST-Segment-PCB1.jpg|600px]] 
The FAST LED Segment board is an approximately 6" long modular board that contains 7 Piranha Style Superflux LEDs connected in a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlieplexing Charlieplexed] fashion. The boards are designed to allow multiple boards to be daisy chained to allow various length tubes to be constructed. From 1 - 8 boards can be connected to each FAST controller creating a 6" to 48" long snowfall tube.

=== Using the FAST ===

The FAST is run on 5vdc and its operation is quite simple: You apply power and the tube starts to run; when you want it to stop, you remove power. If you want it to make a half fall, you simply remove power before it gets to the bottom of the tube. If you want it to fall twice, you leave power applied long enough to get two falls. The length of fall time will depend upon variables you change in the firmware when you program the PIC.

=== Controlling the FAST ===

The FAST is driven by 5vdc and draws approximately 25ma. The unit can be directly connected to a 5vdc power supply and the tube will run continuously. The FAST can also be driven by a variety of controllers. Examples of these are the [[Renard 24LV|Frank's Ren24LV]], a [[Renard_64XC|Ren64XC]] with [[DCSSR|DCSSRs]] and the [[Ren48LSDv3c|Ren48LSD]]. Note that the [[Ren48LSDv3c|Ren48LSD]] was designed specifically for the purpose of driving Super Strips. The Ren64XC/DCSSR combination will work as well but it's a more expensive, larger and more cumbersome configuration to use but if you are driving other higher current DC devices, it can work fine.

==BOM==
From Mouser: 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Qty
! Part Number
! Description
|-
| 1
|571-1-390261-3
|IC & Component Sockets 14P ECONOMY TIN
|-
| 1
|579-PIC16F688-I/P
|Microcontrollers (MCU) 7KB 256 RAM 12 I/O
|-
| 8
|299-51-RC
|Carbon Film Resistors - Through Hole 51ohms
|-
|1
|80-C322C104K5R
|0.1uF Capacitor Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors
|}

In addition, you will need up to 56 White Piranha Style Super flux LEDs. Other colors could be used, but you may need to adjust the resistor values on the controller board. 

The FAST needs to be placed in a housing for display. A common fluorescent tube protector which is available from [http://www.homedepot.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?storeId=10051&productId=100163152&langId=-1&catalogId=10053 Home Depot] or [http://www.lowes.com/pd_280611-337-LTG04T8_0__?productId=1208471 Lowes] works well. A similar tube is available in quantity from [http://www.mcmaster.com/#2044T47 McMaster Carr] 
During the 2011 Fall [http://www.crazychristmaslights.net/shop/ Group Buy] a [http://www.crazychristmaslights.net/shop/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=24 Hanging End Cap] was available. These caps are specifically designed to fit the [http://www.mcmaster.com/#2044T47 McMaster Carr] 2044T47 Plastic Tube 1.09" Inside Diameter, 4' Length $2.11.

==PCBs==
The PCBs for the FAST were designed by [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/member.php?7268-chelmuth Cory Helmuth] and [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/member.php?9-P.-Short Phil Short]. They are available by contacting [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/member.php?3704-dlovely dlovely]
===FAST Controller PCB===
[[File:FAST_Controller.png|300px]]
===FAST LED Segment PCB===
[[File:LED_Segment.png|300px]]
 

==Assembly Instructions==
'''This section is still being written , it is not final!''' 

Assembly of the FAST is done in three steps:
# Assembly of the FAST Controller.
# Assembly of the LED Segments.
# Connecting the two units together and installing them in a housing. 

Begin by inspecting the PCBs to look for any defects such as cracks or breaks. The holes on the board should be open on both sides. Then inspect and sort out the various parts for the boards. 

===FAST Controller Assembly===
1. Install the eight 51 ohm resistors in positions R1-R8. 
[[File:Build-01.jpg|300px]] 
2. Install the 14 pin IC socket so that the notch faces the top of the board like the silkscreen. 
[[File:Build-02.jpg|300px]] 
3. Install the 0.1uF capacitor in position C1. The capacitor is not polarized, so it can go in either way. 
4. Cut and solder eight 3" lengths of wire to J2 on the end of the board. The wires are numbered from 1-8. The #1 wire is near the bottom of the board in the square hole. 
5. Solder the input power wires to J1. The positive wire goes to the hole marked with the "+". 
6. Put the board to the side and do not install the PIC yet. 

===LED Segment Assembly===
It is strongly recommended that you test each LED before you solder it to the PCB using a LED tester. 

Based on how long you are making the FAST, you will need to assemble 1-8 LED Segment boards. 
1. Solder the seven Superflux LEDs to the LED Segment PCB. The LEDs are polarized, there is one corner that is cut off and not square. The LED must be installed so that the orientation of the notched corner matches the silkscreen. If you are using the LEDs sold in the Fall2011 group buy, they are inserted with the notched corner matching the silkscreen. '''WARNING, Some LEDs from other vendors may have different orientations and they may need to be rotated 180 degrees from the silkscreen drawing. Please check to make sure know the correct orientation for your LEDs before soldering them to the PCB.''' The correct orientation of the LEDs would be to have the two cathode(-) pins of the LED in inserted in the two left side holes in the PCB. 
[[File:FAST-LED-orientation.jpg|246px]] 

2. Repeat Step #1 for each of your LED Segment PCBs. 
3. The LED Segment PCBs need to be interconnected to make them the desired length. This is done by aligning the Input holes of one PCB with the Output holes of the next board. To do this lay one board on top of the next and carefully align the Input and Output Holes. You need to solder eight jumpers through these holes to each of the PCBs. Short lengths or wire or cutoff leads from resistors or other components work great. 
[[File:Clips 1.jpg|300px]] 

[[File:Clips 2.jpg|300px]] 

[[File:Clips 3.jpg|300px]] 
4. Repeat Step #3 until you have the correct number of LED Segment PCBs connected. 

===Final Assembly===
1. Solder the wires from the FAST Controller to the Input of the top LED Segment PCB. The #1 wire on the controller side is near the top of the board and has a square hole. It is soldered to the #1 hole of the Input of the top LED Segment pcb, which is marked by the number 1 near the top of the board. The holes on the LED Segment board are offset into two columns. The columns are odd and even. So the #2 wire from the FAST Controller goes into the first hole in second column slightly below and to the right of where you soldered in the first wire. The #3 wire goes in the hole directly below the #1 wire. The #4 wire goes below the #2 wire. Continue until you have soldered in all 8 wires. 
2. Inspect all of the PCBs to make sure that there are no issues with the soldering. 
3. Insert the PIC into the socket on the FAST Controller 
[[File:Build-05.jpg|300px]] 
4. Apply 5vdc to the power input of the FAST Controller and the LEDS should begin to light and fall. 
5. The FAST Controller should be placed behind the top LED Segment PCB with some cardboard between the board to prevent them from shorting out. This assembly can then slide into the plastic housing. 
[[File:Connection_Top.jpg|300px]] 
[[File:Connection_Side.jpg|300px]] 
6. Apply the end caps and seal the tube to prevent rain from entering. 

Congratulations, you have finished constructing your FAST. 

==Schematic==
===FAST Controller===
[[File:FAST_Controller_SCH.jpg|300px]] 
===FAST LED Segment===
TBD 

==Firmware==
The firmware is under development. If you are interested in helping add features, please contact [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/member.php?7268-chelmuth chelmuth] The current versions are available here. 
[[File:FAST With Tail (Modular Wiring) 20110804.asm]] 
This is the original Static Speed with tail. You can Change the fall rate by changing lines that I have commented.
 
 
[[File:FAST Snowfall Tube With Tail (Random) 20110813 .asm]]‎ 
This is the newer Static Speed and Random Speed firmware. There are more settings you can change in this firmware. Fall Rate, Random Rate, Speed up as it falls, Etc. Looks for the Lines commented with ######## for options you can change to customize your FAST tubes.

==FAST Discussion Threads==
[http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/showthread.php?15589-Finally-Affortable-Snowfall-Tubes-(FAST) Original Thread] 
[http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/showthread.php?16137-Interest-FAST-LEDancer Interest Thread] 
[http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/showthread.php?16456-FAST-Ren48LSD-Ren4Flood-DIYC-Flood-Offsite-Group-Buy Group Buy Thread] 

==Video==
[http://vimeo.com/27348185 18" Prototype] 
[http://vimeo.com/23734734 Full 56 LED Proof of Concept Design]

[[Category:LED Projects]]
[[Category:DIYC Index]]
[[Category:Display_Items]]

FAST Finally Affordable Snowfall Tube

2011-09-20T21:26:07Z

Dmcole: /* LED Segment Assembly */

== F.A.S.T ('''F'''inally '''A'''ffordable '''S'''nowfall '''T'''ube) ==

* NOTE - THIS PAGE IS A WORK IN-PROGRESS - IT IS NOT COMPLETE YET *

===What is FAST===
FAST was created by [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/member.php?7268-chelmuth Cory Helmuth] as a inexpensive substitute for commercial snowfall (meteor) tubes. Snowfall tubes are long clear plastic tubes that have a group of LEDs arranged in a linear fashion and the LEDs light in a sequential manner from the top to the bottom. The visual effect looks like a bright snowflake falling down. The FAST consists of a [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/wiki/images/f/f9/FAST_Controller.png FAST Controller PCB] that drives 1-8 [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/wiki/images/a/a3/LED_Segment.png LED Segment PCBs] each with 7 LED's per segment for a total of 7-56 SuperFlux LED's. Based on the numbr of LED Segment Boards used, the snowfall tubes can be between 6" to 48" in length.

The FAST is designed using a concept called [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlieplexing Charlieplexing] Charlieplexing, in its simplest form, works using a matrix of complementary pairs of LEDs. This allows a large number of LEDs to be driven by a small number of I/O pins from a PIC microcontroller. In the FAST, 56 LEDs are controlled using just 8 connections! 

===FAST Controller===
[[File:FAST-Controller-PCB1.jpg|300px]] 
The FAST Controller is a brains of the FAST, it contains a [http://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/41203B.pdf PIC16F688-I/P] Microcontroller. The PIC must be programmed with the FAST software. The FAST controller is connected to a clean and stable 5VDC input to power the microprocessor and the LEDs. The FAST controller output is connected to a FAST LED Segment PCB. 

===FAST LED Segment===
[[File:FAST-Segment-PCB1.jpg|600px]] 
The FAST LED Segment board is an approximately 6" long modular board that contains 7 Piranha Style Superflux LEDs connected in a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlieplexing Charlieplexed] fashion. The boards are designed to allow multiple boards to be daisy chained to allow various length tubes to be constructed. From 1 - 8 boards can be connected to each FAST controller creating a 6" to 48" long snowfall tube.

=== Using the FAST ===

The FAST is run on 5vdc. The operation of the FAST is quite simple. You apply power and the tube starts to run. When you want it to stop you remove power. If you want it to make a half fall. You simply remove power before it get's to the bottom of the tube. If you want it to fall twice you leave power applied long enough to get two falls. Length of time with depend on fall time that you set before you programmed the PIC.

=== Controlling the FAST ===

The FAST is driven by 5vdc and draws approximately 25ma. The unit can be directly connected to a 5vdc power supply and the tube will run continuously. The FAST can also be driven by a variety of controllers. Examples of these are the [[Renard 24LV|Frank's Ren24LV]], a [[Renard_64XC|Ren64XC]] with [[DCSSR|DCSSRs]] and the [[Ren48LSDv3c|Ren48LSD]]. Note that the [[Ren48LSDv3c|Ren48LSD]] was designed specifically for the purpose of driving Super Strips. The Ren64XC/DCSSR combination will work as well but it's a more expensive, larger and more cumbersome configuration to use but if you are driving other higher current DC devices, it can work fine.

==BOM==
From Mouser: 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Qty
! Part Number
! Description
|-
| 1
|571-1-390261-3
|IC & Component Sockets 14P ECONOMY TIN
|-
| 1
|579-PIC16F688-I/P
|Microcontrollers (MCU) 7KB 256 RAM 12 I/O
|-
| 8
|299-51-RC
|Carbon Film Resistors - Through Hole 51ohms
|-
|1
|80-C322C104K5R
|0.1uF Capacitor Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors
|}

In addition, you will need up to 56 White Piranha Style Super flux LEDs. Other colors could be used, but you may need to adjust the resistor values on the controller board. 

The FAST needs to be placed in a housing for display. A common fluorescent tube protector which is available from [http://www.homedepot.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?storeId=10051&productId=100163152&langId=-1&catalogId=10053 Home Depot] or [http://www.lowes.com/pd_280611-337-LTG04T8_0__?productId=1208471 Lowes] works well. A similar tube is available in quantity from [http://www.mcmaster.com/#2044T47 McMaster Carr] 
During the 2011 Fall [http://www.crazychristmaslights.net/shop/ Group Buy] a [http://www.crazychristmaslights.net/shop/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=24 Hanging End Cap] was available. These caps are specifically designed to fit the [http://www.mcmaster.com/#2044T47 McMaster Carr] 2044T47 Plastic Tube 1.09" Inside Diameter, 4' Length $2.11.

==PCBs==
The PCBs for the FAST were designed by [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/member.php?7268-chelmuth Cory Helmuth] and [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/member.php?9-P.-Short Phil Short]. They are available by contacting [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/member.php?3704-dlovely dlovely]
===FAST Controller PCB===
[[File:FAST_Controller.png|300px]]
===FAST LED Segment PCB===
[[File:LED_Segment.png|300px]]
 

==Assembly Instructions==
'''This section is still being written , it is not final!''' 

Assembly of the FAST is done in three steps:
# Assembly of the FAST Controller.
# Assembly of the LED Segments.
# Connecting the two units together and installing them in a housing. 

Begin by inspecting the PCBs to look for any defects such as cracks or breaks. The holes on the board should be open on both sides. Then inspect and sort out the various parts for the boards. 

===FAST Controller Assembly===
1. Install the eight 51 ohm resistors in positions R1-R8. 
[[File:Build-01.jpg|300px]] 
2. Install the 14 pin IC socket so that the notch faces the top of the board like the silkscreen. 
[[File:Build-02.jpg|300px]] 
3. Install the 0.1uF capacitor in position C1. The capacitor is not polarized, so it can go in either way. 
4. Cut and solder eight 3" lengths of wire to J2 on the end of the board. The wires are numbered from 1-8. The #1 wire is near the bottom of the board in the square hole. 
5. Solder the input power wires to J1. The positive wire goes to the hole marked with the "+". 
6. Put the board to the side and do not install the PIC yet. 

===LED Segment Assembly===
It is strongly recommended that you test each LED before you solder it to the PCB using a LED tester. 

Based on how long you are making the FAST, you will need to assemble 1-8 LED Segment boards. 
1. Solder the seven Superflux LEDs to the LED Segment PCB. The LEDs are polarized, there is one corner that is cut off and not square. The LED must be installed so that the orientation of the notched corner matches the silkscreen. If you are using the LEDs sold in the Fall2011 group buy, they are inserted with the notched corner matching the silkscreen. '''WARNING, Some LEDs from other vendors may have different orientations and they may need to be rotated 180 degrees from the silkscreen drawing. Please check to make sure know the correct orientation for your LEDs before soldering them to the PCB.''' The correct orientation of the LEDs would be to have the two cathode(-) pins of the LED in inserted in the two left side holes in the PCB. 
[[File:FAST-LED-orientation.jpg|246px]] 

2. Repeat Step #1 for each of your LED Segment PCBs. 
3. The LED Segment PCBs need to be interconnected to make them the desired length. This is done by aligning the Input holes of one PCB with the Output holes of the next board. To do this lay one board on top of the next and carefully align the Input and Output Holes. You need to solder eight jumpers through these holes to each of the PCBs. Short lengths or wire or cutoff leads from resistors or other components work great. 
[[File:Clips 1.jpg|300px]] 

[[File:Clips 2.jpg|300px]] 

[[File:Clips 3.jpg|300px]] 
4. Repeat Step #3 until you have the correct number of LED Segment PCBs connected. 

===Final Assembly===
1. Solder the wires from the FAST Controller to the Input of the top LED Segment PCB. The #1 wire on the controller side is near the top of the board and has a square hole. It is soldered to the #1 hole of the Input of the top LED Segment pcb, which is marked by the number 1 near the top of the board. The holes on the LED Segment board are offset into two columns. The columns are odd and even. So the #2 wire from the FAST Controller goes into the first hole in second column slightly below and to the right of where you soldered in the first wire. The #3 wire goes in the hole directly below the #1 wire. The #4 wire goes below the #2 wire. Continue until you have soldered in all 8 wires. 
2. Inspect all of the PCBs to make sure that there are no issues with the soldering. 
3. Insert the PIC into the socket on the FAST Controller 
[[File:Build-05.jpg|300px]] 
4. Apply 5vdc to the power input of the FAST Controller and the LEDS should begin to light and fall. 
5. The FAST Controller should be placed behind the top LED Segment PCB with some cardboard between the board to prevent them from shorting out. This assembly can then slide into the plastic housing. 
[[File:Connection_Top.jpg|300px]] 
[[File:Connection_Side.jpg|300px]] 
6. Apply the end caps and seal the tube to prevent rain from entering. 

Congratulations, you have finished constructing your FAST. 

==Schematic==
===FAST Controller===
[[File:FAST_Controller_SCH.jpg|300px]] 
===FAST LED Segment===
TBD 

==Firmware==
The firmware is under development. If you are interested in helping add features, please contact [http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/member.php?7268-chelmuth chelmuth] The current versions are available here. 
[[File:FAST With Tail (Modular Wiring) 20110804.asm]] 
This is the original Static Speed with tail. You can Change the fall rate by changing lines that I have commented.
 
 
[[File:FAST Snowfall Tube With Tail (Random) 20110813 .asm]]‎ 
This is the newer Static Speed and Random Speed firmware. There are more settings you can change in this firmware. Fall Rate, Random Rate, Speed up as it falls, Etc. Looks for the Lines commented with ######## for options you can change to customize your FAST tubes.

==FAST Discussion Threads==
[http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/showthread.php?15589-Finally-Affortable-Snowfall-Tubes-(FAST) Original Thread] 
[http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/showthread.php?16137-Interest-FAST-LEDancer Interest Thread] 
[http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/showthread.php?16456-FAST-Ren48LSD-Ren4Flood-DIYC-Flood-Offsite-Group-Buy Group Buy Thread] 

==Video==
[http://vimeo.com/27348185 18" Prototype] 
[http://vimeo.com/23734734 Full 56 LED Proof of Concept Design]

[[Category:LED Projects]]
[[Category:DIYC Index]]
[[Category:Display_Items]]

File:FAST-LED-orientation.jpg

2011-09-20T21:24:12Z

Dmcole: Illustrates how LED must be oriented on FAST PCBs.

Illustrates how LED must be oriented on FAST PCBs.

Glossary

2011-04-12T22:02:13Z

Dmcole: /* V */

__NOTOC__

[[#A |A]] [[#B | B]] [[#C | C]] [[#D | D]] [[#E | E]] [[#F | F]] [[#G | G]] [[#H | H]] [[#I | I]] [[#J | J]] [[#K | K]] [[#L | L]] [[#M | M]] [[#N | N]] [[#O | O]] [[#P | P]] [[#Q | Q]] [[#R | R]] [[#S | S]] [[#T | T]] [[#U | U]] [[#V | V]] [[#W | W]] [[#X | X]] [[#Y | Y]] [[#Z | Z]]

==A==
;Amp : Ampere. The basic unit of electrical current. Applying one volt across a one ohm resistor will cause a current of one ampere to flow. The letter 'I' is used to denote current.

;Anode : A positive electrode of an electrochemical device (such as a primary or secondary electric cell) toward which the negative ions are drawn. The semiconductor-diode terminal that is positive with respect to the other terminal when the diode is biased in the forward direction.

;AWG : American Wire Gauge. The standards adopted in the United States for the measurement of wire sizes. [http://www.powerstream.com/Wire_Size.htm AWG Chart]
 

==B==

;Base : The region between the emitter and collector of a transistor that receives minority carriers injected from the emitter. The element in a transistor that controls the flow of current carriers. It is the element that corresponds to the control grid of an electron tube.

;Baud : A measurement of data transmission speed based on the number of code elements or units per second.

;BNC : Bayonet Nut Connection. A type of connector typically used on coaxial cables.

;BOM : Bill of Material. A listing all the parts required to assemble a project or to populate a circuit board.

 

==C==

;Capacitor : An electrical component that stores an electric charge and releases it when its needed.

;Cathode : The general name for any negative electrode. The negative terminal of a forward-biased semiconductor diode, which is the source of the electrons.

;Center Tap : A connection made to a point half way along a winding of a transformer or inductor, or along the element of a resistor or a potentiometer.

;Channel : In DIYC, a channel refers to an individual line that can be independently controlled. As an example, the Grinch can control 64 channels, that is 64 independent lines that it can control.

;COOP : A co-operative effort by participating DIYC members to pool their resources together to make a purchase of an item(s) in large quantity in an attempt to reduce the cost to the individual participants.

;Coop Olsen 595 : This light controller is based on the Olsen 595 design. It is a 64 channel controller with basic ON/OFF capabilities. Normally gets its input from the parallel port of the controlling computer. On-board status LED for each channel. Developed by Brian Bresocnik (Macrosill). More info [[64 Channel Olsen 595 Controller Assembly Instructions | here]]. AKA - Brian's Olsen 595 board.

;COOP SSR : A DIYC design for a SSR PCB. Contains circuitry equal to four separate solid state relays. Provides independent control of four channels of lights. Designed by Sean Bowf. AKA - Sean's SSR.

;Coaxial Cable : A cable with one conductor completely surrounded by another conductor, separated by a dielectric. The two conductors being coaxial. Some types of coax cables use multiple conductors surrounding each other. Normally only the inner conductor carries a signal. The outer conductors [Braid] are used as a shield, or grounded. Coaxial Cable is normally used in RF transmission. The term Coaxial is normally shortened to Coax. Types of Coaxial Cable include: RG-6, RG-8, RG-11, RG-58, RG-59.

;Collector : The electrode in a transistor through which a primary flow of carriers leaves the region between the electrodes.

;Continuity : An uninterrupted, complete path for current flow. When checking for continuity you are usually looking for a short.

;Current : The movement of electrons past a reference point. The passage of electrons through a conductor. Measured in amperes.
 

==D==

;dB : decibel. A unit of relative sound or radio transmission intensity.

;Decoupling capacitor : A capacitor that is included in circuits with integrated circuits to insure that overall circuit voltage doesn't dip or spike elsewhere in the circuit due to the demands of the integrated circuit. When the integrated circuit needs a burst of energy, the decoupling capacitor provides the needed energy without causing a drop in the voltage for the rest of the circuit.

;Dielectric : An insulating (nonconducting) medium. A substance in which an electric field may be maintained with zero or near-zero power dissipation, i.e., the electrical conductivity is zero or near zero. An insulator; a term applied to the insulating material between the plates of a capacitor.

;Diode : An electrical device that will allow current to pass in only one direction. Consists of a cathode and an anode. A two-terminal semiconductor device used chiefly as a rectifier.

;DIP : Dual In-line Package. An IC package having two parallel rows of leads. Sometimes called "through-hole package," because holes are drilled in the PC boards and the package is soldered to the board on the side opposite the package.

;Dipole : A basic radio antenna that consists of two elements, each of equal length. The length of the elements is an algorithmic function of the frequency over which the broadcast is being made.

;DIYC : Do It Yourself Christmas.com

;DMX (or DMX512) : Digital Multiplex. A lighting control protocol standard developed to handle communications between commercial (usually entertainment, such as theater or music events) lighting control boards and the individual devices, such as lekos (elliposoidals), fresnels, moving lights, strip lights or DJ effect lights. DMX allows up to 512 devices to be attached, daisy-chain, to one wire, each controlled individually. For more information on DMX click [[DMX | here]].
 

==E==
;Electrode : The terminal at which electricity passes from one medium into another, such as in an electrical cell where the current leaves or returns to the electrolyte.

;Electrolyte : A solution of a substance that is capable of conducting electricity. An electrolyte may be in the form of either a liquid or a paste.

;Electrolytic Capacitor : A capacitor that normally uses two aluminum foils separated by an insulating paper. The paper and foils are rolled and impregnated with a liquid electrolyte. Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors are polarized, and may be used DC circuits.

;Electrostatic Discharge Sensitive (ESDS) : The level of susceptibility of devices to damage by static electricity, found by classification testing, is used as the basis for assigning an ESDS class. Electronic parts having sensitive characteristics (e.g., thin-layered internal composition) and delicate, miniaturized construction which are susceptible to damage or degradation, in various degrees, from environmental field forces (electrostatic, electromagnetic, magnetic, or radioactive). This susceptibility also extends to the standard electronic modules, printed circuit boards, printed wiring boards, and circuit card assemblies containing one or more of these sensitive electronic parts.

;Emitter : The element in a transistor that emits current carriers (electrons or holes).

;Energized : Electrically connected to a source of potential difference, or electrically charged so as to have a potential significantly different from that of earth in the vicinity. A "live" circuit.

;ESD : Electrostatic Discharge. More info on ESD is available [http://www.interfacebus.com/glossary-of-terms-esd-definition.html here].
 

==F==

;Farad : The basic unit of capacitance. A capacitor has a capacitance of 1 farad when a voltage potential of 1 volt across it produces a charge of 1 coulomb. Most capacitors used on DIYC boards are in the microfarad (labeled mF or uF) or picofarad (labeled pF) range.

;FCC : The Federal Communications Commission. The FCC was established by the Communications Act of 1934 and is charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire (telegraph, telephone), satellite and cable.

;FET : Field-Effect Transistor. A transistor consisting of a source, a gate, and a drain. Current flow is controlled by the transverse electric field under the gate.

;Firmware : A set of instructions (software program) installed into a microprocessor. It provides the necessary instructions for how the device is supposed to operate.

;Flux : A solution or paste that removes surface oxides from metals being soldered.

;Full-Wave Rectifier : A circuit that uses both positive and negative alternations in an alternating current to produce direct current; it changes alternating current to direct current.

;Fuse : A device that has as its critical component a metal wire or strip that will melt when heated by a prescribed (design) amperage, creating an open in the circuit of which it is a part, thereby protecting the circuit from an over current condition. It protects wiring from over-heating and causing fire.
 

==G==

;GFCI : Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter. An electrical safety device installed in a power panel, sub-panel or outlet box that instantly shuts off the electricity when there is an imbalance in the flow of electricity from hot to neutral. This imbalance can indicate that that an individual is getting an electrical shock. A GFCI should be used in all outdoor high-voltage environments (regular household current) and the device should be tested on a regular basis.

;GRINCH : A 64 channel controller with basic ON/OFF capabilities. Normally gets its input from the parallel port of the controlling computer. No status LEDs, inexpensive/simple to build. Developed by Robert Jordan (RJ). More info [[The GRINCH Controller | here]].

;Ground : The point in a circuit used as a common reference point for measuring purposes. To connect some point of an electrical circuit or some item of electrical equipment to earth or to the conducting medium used in lieu thereof.
 

==H==

;Half-Wave Rectifier : A rectifier using only one-half of each cycle to change AC to pulsating DC.

;Heat Shunt : A device (preferably a clip-on type) used to absorb heat and protect heat-sensitive components during soldering.

;Heat Sink : A piece of metal attached to an electronic component (such as triac, transistor, or voltage regulator) that serves to dissipate or absorb unwanted heat. Many electronics components have two ratings, a lower one when a heat sink is not used and a higher one where a heat sink is in place. Also called a dissipator.
 

==I==

;Inductance : The property of a circuit that tends to oppose a change in the existing current flow. The symbol for inductance is L.

;Induction : The act or process of producing voltage and current by the relative motion of a magnetic field across a conductor.

;Insulated : Separated from other conducting surfaces by a dielectric (including air space) offering a high resistance to the passage of current. Note: When any object is said to be insulated, it is understood to be insulated for the conditions to which it is normally subjected. Otherwise, it is, uninsulated.

;Insulation : A material used to prevent the leakage of electricity from a conductor and to provide mechanical spacing or support as protection against accidental contact with the conductor.

;Insulation Resistance : The resistance offered by an insulating material to current leakage.

;Insulator : Material of such low conductivity that the flow of current through it can usually be neglected. A device having high electrical resistance; used for supporting or separating conductors so as to prevent undesired flow of current from the conductors to other objects.

;Integrated Circuit (IC) : A circuit in which many elements are fabricated and interconnected by a single process (into a single chip), as opposed to a "nonintegrated" circuit in which the transistors, diodes, resistors, and other components are fabricated separately and then assembled. Elements inseparably associated and formed on or within a single substrate.

;Inverter : A circuit with one input and one output. Its function is to invert or reverse the input. When the input is high, the output is low, and vice versa. The inverter is sometimes called a NOT circuit, since it produces the reverse of the input.
 

==J==

;Jumper : A short length of wire used to complete a circuit.
 

==K==

 
==L==

;LED : Light Emitting Diode. A solid-state, semiconductor device that converts electrical energy directly into light. LEDs show up in Christmas lighting in two contexts: the first is as a power or signal indicator in controllers or SSRs, while the second is their use as a substitute for incandescent lamps. LED Christmas light strings use about one-tenth the energy of an incandescent lamp and have a crystal-clear color brightness that incandescents cannot achieve.
 

==M==

;Microcontroller : A computer-on-a-chip that emphasizes high integration, low power consumption, self-sufficiency and relatively low cost. Typically, a microcontroller has flash-type read-write memory allowing a programming station (usually called a PIC programmer) to enter in task-specific programs, which can be written in programming languages such as C, C++, BASIC or even in assembly code (which, of course, is the most efficient).

;MOC3023 : A 6-Pin DIP 400V Random Phase Triac Driver Output Optocoupler. It provides both triac driver and optoisolator services in one package.

;MOSFET : A semiconductor device that contains diffused source and drain regions on either side of a P- or N-channel area. Also contains a gate insulated from the channel area by silicon-oxide. Operates in either the depletion or the enhancement mode.

;MOV : Metal Oxide Varistor. A resistor that changes value with applied voltage. A varistor may also be called a VDR [Voltage Dependent Resistor]. Varistors will have a negative voltage coefficient. MOV devices are used in parallel with the load.

;Multimeter : A single meter combining the functions of an ammeter, a voltmeter, and an ohmmeter.
 

==N==

;NPN : A type of transistor; it is formed by introducing a thin region of P-type material between two regions of N-type material.
 

==O==

;Ohm : The unit of electrical resistance. That value of electrical resistance through which a constant potential difference of 1 volt across the resistance will maintain a current flow of 1 ampere through the resistance.

;Ohm's Law : The current in an electrical circuit is directly proportional to the electromotive force in the circuit. The most common form of the law is E = IR, where E is the electromotive force or voltage across the circuit, I is the current flowing in the circuit, and R is the resistance of the circuit.

;Olsen 595 : This is a popular light controller based on an approach first popularized on the [http://computerchristmas.com ComputerChristmas] and/or [http://planetchristmas.com PlanetChristmas] forums by Peter Olsen. In its first incarnation it used 8-bit 74HC595 logic chips, often with external buffers. More info on the original Olsen 595 design can be found [http://computerchristmas.com/christmas/link-how_to/HowToId-25/Build_a_1024_Port_Controller_for_100 here].

;Open or Open Circuit : The condition of an electrical circuit caused by the breaking of continuity of one or more conductors of the circuit; usually an undesired condition. A circuit that does not provide a complete path for the flow of current.

;Optoisolator (opto, optocoupler) : A semiconductor device that allows signals to be transferred between circuits or systems, while keeping those circuits or systems electrically isolated from each other. In its simplest form, an optoisolator consists of an light-emitting diode (LED), IRED (infrared-emitting diode), or laser diode for signal transmission, and a photosensor for signal reception.

;Oscillator : A device that produces electrical oscillations at a frequency determined by its unique physical characteristics.
 

==P==

;Parallel Port : A port through which two or more data bits are passed simultaneously, such as all the bits of an 8-bit byte, and that requires as many input channels as the number of bits that are to be handled simultaneously. Typically found on a computer and used as the printer port.

;PCB : Printed Circuit Board. An electronics board that contains layers of circuitry that connect the various components of a system. A PCB can be mass manufactured or can be "home etched," where a hobbyist transfers the design of the PCB to a copper-clad board, uses caustic chemicals to etch away the areas not needed and then drills the holes him or herself.

;PIC : A registered trademark name for microcontrollers produced by Microchip Technology Inc. At DIYC, PIC has become a generic term for microcontrollers.

;Polarity : The condition in an electrical circuit by which the direction of the flow of current can be determined. Usually applied to batteries and other direct voltage sources. Two opposite charges, one positive and one negative.

;Potentiometer : A variable resistor having a terminal connected to each end of a resistive element and a third terminal connected to a wiper contact. The output is a voltage that is variable depending upon the position of the wiper contact.

;Power : The rate of doing work or the rate of expending energy. The unit of electrical power is the watt.

;Programmer : A device that connects a personal computer to a microcontroller. Used to download software (firmware) from the PC to the microcontroller.

;Protocol : A formal set of conventions governing the format and control of interaction between the computer and attached hardware.

;Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) : Pulse modulation in which the duration of the pulses is varied by the modulating voltage. A useful technique for dimming lights.
 

==Q==

 

==R==

;Regulator : The section in a basic power supply that maintains the output of the power supply at a constant level in spite of large changes in load current or input line voltage.

;Relay : An electromagnetic device with one or more sets of contacts that change position by the magnetic attraction of a coil to an armature.

;Renard : A unique serial communication protocol developed solely for allowing Vixen to communicate to DIYC light controllers. Also applies to the dimming firmware used by many DIYC light controllers.

;Resistance : The opposition a device or material offers to the flow of current. The effect of resistance is to raise the temperature of the material or device carrying the current. A resistance of 1 ohm will allow a current of 1 ampere to flow through it when a potential of 1 volt is applied.

;Resistor : An electrical component that offers resistance to the flow of current. It may be a coil of fine wire or a composition rod.

;RJ-45 (or RJ45) : Registered Jack 45. A data plug or jack standard that allows for the connection of eight wires. It is similar to the modular plug on telephones (which are usually RJ11), though bigger. It is commonly used in Ethernet cabling and so its components (cable, female connectors, male connectors) are readily available and inexpensive.

;RoHS : Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive. A directive by the European Union that is designed to keep harmful chemicals and materials to a minimum. It is used by electronics manufacturers to denote components that meet the EU requirements.

;RS232 : A telecommunications protocol, Recommended Standard 232 was originally designed to connect teletypes with modems; it has survived to this day as the way computer serial ports send out data. RS232 is implemented in a variety of connectors, but is most commonly seen in the DB9 and DB25 devices. It uses nine wires and supports transmitted data, received data, request to send, carrier detect and ring indicator. It is used in Christmas lights by as the physical layer between PC serial ports and Christmas lights controllers.

;RS485 : A telecommunications protocol, Recommended Standard 485 is typically used in building automation, the programming of logic controllers, sound system control, lighting control and video surveillance camera control. It is a two-wire system that uses a differential form of signaling that supports the transmission of data packets. It can be used over a long distance and supports multi-point connections. It is used in Christmas lights as a distribution system for light controllers signaling devices, sometimes using the DMX512 protocol.
 

==S==

;Schematic : A diagram which shows, by means of graphic symbols, the electrical connections and functions of a specific circuit arrangement.

;Short Circuit : An unintentional current path between two components in a circuit or between a component and ground; usually caused by a circuit malfunction.

;Shunt : A term used interchangeably with jumper. A device used to connect two pins and "jumper" them together.

;Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) : A semiconductor device that functions as an electrically controlled switch.

;Silk Screen : The printed information on a PCB. Typcially yellow or white, it outlines the components and shows the part reference numbers.

;Sink Current : An integrated circuit sinks current when current is flowing from a load [another device] into the circuits output. This is considered negative current to the IC. Basically happens when the integrated circuit output goes to ground [low].

;SMT (or SMD) : Surface mount technology (surface mount device). A method of mounting integrated circuits, microcontrollers and other electronics on printed circuit boards. The method mounts the devices on the top of a PC board rather than using holes through the board. Compare this with DIP.

;SNR : Signal to Noise Ratio. A measure of signal strength relative to background noise.

;Source Current : An integrated circuit sources current when current is flowing from the IC into another device [Load]. Source-ing current is considered to be positive current flow from the ICs prospective. Source current is the opposite to Sink Current.

;SPT(1-3) : Service Parallel Thermoplastic. Commonly referred to as zip cord. There is SPT1, SPT2, and SPT3. The number refers to the thickness of the insulation in 64ths of an inch. SPT1 is often called lamp cord. SPT1 usually has 18 gauge wire. SPT2 is commonly available in 16 or 18 gauge. SPT3 is available as large as 10 gauge.

;SSR: Solid State Relay. An electronic switch, which, unlike an electromechanical relay, contains no moving parts.
:'''DIYC definition'''
::Generally refers to a PCB that contains the circuitry that acts like four separate solid state relays. It receives data from the controller board and uses that information to control the power going to the attached lights. The key components of a DIYC SSR are the Optocoupler and the Triac. More information on SSRs can be found [[Solid State Relays | here]].

;SSROZ : Solid State Relay from Oz. A DIYC design for a SSR PCB. Contains circuitry equal to four separate solid state relays. Provides independent control of four channels of lights. Designed by John Wilson (wjohn).

;SWR : Standing Wave Ratio. The ratio of the maximum (voltage, current) to the minimum (voltage, current) points of a transmission line. Indicates the impedance matching quality of the termination of the line.
 

==T==

;Tinning : The process of applying a thin coat of solder to materials prior to their being soldered; for example, application of a light coat of solder to the filaments of a conductor to hold the filaments in place prior to soldering of the conductor.

;Transformer : A device composed of two or more coils, linked by magnetic lines of force, used to transfer energy from one circuit to another.

;Transistor : A basic solid-state semiconductor that has three terminals and can be used for amplification, switching and/or detection.

;Triac : TRIode for Alternating Current. This is an electronic component approximately equivalent to two silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs/thyristors) joined in inverse parallel (paralleled but with the polarity reversed) and with their gates connected together. This results in a bidirectional electronic switch which can conduct current in either direction when it is triggered (turned on).

;Twisted Pair : A line consisting of two insulated wires twisted together to form a flexible line without the use of spacers.
 

==U==

;ULN2803 : An array of eight Darlington transistors (which themselves are arrays of two transistors) that amplify current. Often used in Christmas lights as devices to increase the current coming from a microcontroller to an SSR so that there is enough power to turn on (or off) the SSR.

;USB : Universal Serial Bus, a computer bus which provides two-way communication between the PC and peripheral devices, over a differential 4-wire serial interface cable.
 

==V==

;Via : A plated-thru hole in a printed circuit board. A via may may exist between one or more adjacent board layers, or through the entire board. A blind via runs vertically between the top [or bottom] side and through one or more adjacent board layers, but not through the entire board.

;Voltage : The term used to signify electrical pressure. Voltage is a force that causes current to flow through an electrical conductor. The voltage of a circuit is the greatest effective difference of potential between any two conductors of the circuit.

;Voltage Drop : The difference in voltage between two points. It is the result of the loss of electrical pressure as a current flows through a resistance.

;Voltage regulator : An electronic device designed to take a higher voltage and make it conform to a specific lower voltage. Provide a 5-volt regulator with 12 volts as an input and it will put out a steady 5 volts; provide a 12-volt regulator with 14.5 volts and it will output a steady 12 volts. While some regulators are designed for specific voltages, others can provide a range of voltages depending upon resistance applied; variable voltage regulators can be controlled by potentiometers (i.e.: volume control), so that you can turn a knob and get various voltages depending on where the knob is.
 

==W==

;Watt : The unit of electrical power that is the product of voltage and current.
 

==X==

;XLR Connector : A shielded 5-conductor plug/jack used for DMX connections. Also can be a 3-conductor plug generally used for microphones.

;XTAL : Short for crystal.
 

==Y==
 

==Z==

;Zener Diode : A PN-junction diode designed to operate in the reverse-bias breakdown region. It is designed to conduct in the reverse [bias] direction: with a precise breakdown voltage [Vz].
;Zero Crossing : In alternating current, the zero crossing is the instantaneous point at which there is no voltage present. In a sine wave or other simple waveform, this normally occurs twice during each cycle.

[[Category:DIYC Home]]
[[Category:Beginners Info]]
[[Category:General Info]]
[[Category:DIYC Index]]

7 Steps to Selecting a Controller

2011-01-29T23:37:06Z

Dmcole: /* Step 7: Determine cost of proposed solution */

== '''Intro/Disclaimer:''' ==

This is not a How-To on how to setup a computerized lighting display. This page does not address (directly) the additional factors required for a lighting display, e.g., SSRs, extension cords, CAT5 cable, board enclosures, or computer hardware.

This page is intended to provide a new member with a logical sequence of things that they need to consider when deciding which light controller they should build.

There are probably many views about the order of these steps but it is doubtful that anyone would say that these are the wrong things to consider when deciding on a light controller.

== '''Step 1: Determine the layout of your display''' ==

Knowing how you plan to have your lights distributed will go a long way in helping decide which type of controller to go with. It doesn’t have to be set in stone, but you should have a general idea of how you want things to be set up.

== '''Step 2: Determine if you want to have dimming capability in your display''' ==

Deciding if you want dimming capability is the single most important factor in narrowing the field to determine which controller board to go with.

===Non-Dimming controllers/methods===
*Olsen 595
*Grinch 
Note: The Olsen 595 and Grinch can be made dimmable by adding a Ren-T and Ren-C. However, if you are starting from scratch and know you want dimming from the start, it is not recommended to go this route.

*Hill320
*Kit74 relay board
*Direct parallel port to SSR

===Dimming controllers===
*Renard (available in several board designs):
**Renard8
**Renard16 (Xmus16)
**Renard24
**Renard64

*Lynx
*Lynx Freestyle
*Firegod

== '''Step 3: Determine which topology you will be using''' ==

How you plan to setup your controllers and SSRs is a huge factor in which controller to use. It is the second most important factor in narrowing the field to determine which controller board to go with.

===Fully Centralized===

The controller board and SSRs are set up near the controlling computer (usually in the garage or house).

[[Image:Full Central.jpg]]
*Advantages:
**Controller and SSRs protected from the environment/vandals
**Controller and SSRs easily accessible for troubleshooting/repair

*Disadvantages:
**Lots of long, costly extension cords running from hardware to lights

*Controller boards favored by this topology
**All controller boards/methods can be used in this topology

===Partially Centralized===

The controller board is set up next to the controlling computer and the SSRs are distributed outside around the display.

[[Image:Part Central.jpg]]
*Advantages:
**Ideal for small clusters of lights in multiple locations
**Controller board is protected from the enviroment/vandals
**Less long extension cords required
**SSRs are interchangeable, makes troubleshooting/repairs easier
*Disadvantages:
**Lots of CAT5 or other low-voltage wire cable throughout your display
**SSRs are exposed to the enviroment/vandals (requires weatherproof enclosure)
*Controller boards most suitable for this topology
**Olsen 595
**Grinch
**Hill320
**Renard64
**Lynx Freestyle
**Firegod

===Decentralized===

The controller boards have SSRs integrated on them and are distributed outside around the display.

[[Image:decentral.jpg]]
*Advantages:
**Ideal for a large cluster of lights in one location
**Less CAT5 or low-voltage cable
*Disadvantages:
**Long distances between computer to controllers can cause communication problems, depending on controller design selected
**Controller board is exposed to the environment/vandals (requires weatherproof enclosure)
*Controller boards most suitable for this topology
**Renard16 (Xmus16)
**Renard24
**Lynx

== '''Step 4: Calculate your estimated channel count''' ==

You need to have a good idea of how many channels you will be needing to control in your display. Remember, a channel is one individually controlled circuit of lights.

Channel count, along with your desired topology, also drives how many controllers you will need.

If you have gotten this far in the process then you should already have your decision narrowed down to just a few controller options. Now would be a good time to do some in-depth research into each of the boards that you are considering. This research will make determining which controller and communication protocol to use much easier.

== '''Step 5: Determine how you want your computer to communicate with your controller''' ==

===Parallel Port===
*Advantages:
**Cheap. Most computers have a parallel port.
**Easy to adapt a printer cable to work with controller
**High channel count capable with Olsen 595 and Grinch
*Disadvantages:
**Distance from computer to first controller is limited
**Voltage on parallel port signals vary greatly from computer to computer, causing controller problems
**In general, only good for controllers capable of On/Off light control (no dimming)
**Usually only 1 parallel port per computer
**Hard to add additional parallel ports (only some adapters or expansion cards work with controllers)
*Controller boards using the parallel port
**Olsen 595
**Grinch
**Hill320
**Kit74 relay board
**Direct connect to SSR

===Serial===
*Advantages:
**Cheap. Most computers have a serial port
**Easy to add more serial ports (USB=>RS232 adapters)
**Moderate distance from computer to first controller (for example, a cheap RS232=>RS485 adapter increases distance to over 500 feet for the Renard family of controllers)
*Disadvantages:
**Limited channel count per port, depending on controller. Limited by baud rate and event values.
*Controller boards using the serial port:
**Renard8
**Renard16 (Xmus16)
**Renard24
**Renard64
**RenardSS8
**RenardSS16
**RenardSS24
**Renard24LV
**Renard48LSD
**Firegod

===DMX===
*Advantages:
**High channel count (512)
**Large distance from computer to first controller
**Compatible with other commercial DMX devices (eg. snow machines, dimmers, moving lights, etc.)
*Disadvantages:
**Requires external device (dongle) for DMX transmission (not always inexpensive)
*Controller boards using DMX
**Lynx Express
**Lynx Freestyle
**Lynx SSRw/DMX
**Lynx 16 DC
**RPM DMX4SSR
**RPM DMX16SSR
**RPM DMX8DCSSR
**RPM DMX16DCSSR

===Standalone===
*Advantages:
**Eliminates need for show computer.
**Can control up to 128 channels.
**Will work in wireless mode.
*Disadvantages:
**Moderately expensive to build.
*Helix

== '''Step 6: Determine board availability''' ==

*Most controller boards are available via coops that are held by the designers at various times of the year. Check out the [http://www.doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/forumdisplay.php?f=18 Coop Forum] for which boards are currently being coop’d.

*The Grinch and Renard64 boards are available on a regular basis. PM wjohn for current availability and pricing.

*If the board of your choice is not currently available then you might consider doing a home etch of the board yourself. Be aware that not all boards are easily home-etched.

*You can ask around and try to locate someone who has a spare board that they might be willing to sell to you.

== '''Step 7: Determine cost of proposed solution''' ==

Go to the [[Comparison of DIY Boards]] page and calculate an estimate for your tentative solution. Keep in mind that the cost varies widely based on COOP and parts prices, sourcing of parts, etc., so you may want to do more specific pricing.

If the cost figure is within your budget and you are comfortable with it, then press on.

If the cost figure is higher than you expected, you can:
*Choose another controller, possibly with fewer capabilities
*Choose a different display topology that more closely matches your layout
*Find cheaper sources for boards and parts
*Downsize your display

<blockquote>'''''Congratulations!! ''''' If you followed the above steps you should now know exactly which controller board (and how many) you want to build. Now all that is left to do is buy the boards and parts and start building.</blockquote>

'''''Good Luck! And Happy Lighting!'''''

[[Category:DIYC Controllers]]
[[Category:Beginners Info]]
[[Category:General Info]]
[[Category:Renard SS8]]
[[Category:Renard SS16]]
[[Category:Renard SS24]]
[[Category:Renard 24]]
[[Category:Renard 48LSD]]
[[Category:Renard 64XC]]
[[Category:Renard64]]
[[Category:Renard16 (xmus)]]
[[Category:The Grinch]]
[[Category:Olsen 595]]
[[Category:Firegod and Helix]]
[[Category:RPMs DMX Designs]]
[[Category:DIYC Index]]

7 Steps to Selecting a Controller

2011-01-29T23:36:41Z

Dmcole: /* Step 6: Determine board availability */

7 Steps to Selecting a Controller

2011-01-29T23:35:18Z

Dmcole: Added more controller names

Electronics Hardware

2010-09-16T15:22:42Z

Dmcole: /* Triks-C */

This page contains links to ChristmasWiki entries relating to electronics hardware. It also has an overview of various types of DIY hardware that works with [[Vixen]] software.

==Links==

[[Hardware Design Guidelines]]- The DIYC community standard for hardware design. It is recommended that you check your electronic device and PCB designs against this standard.

[[Co-Op Boards and Assembly Instructions]]- Assembly instructions and documentation on boards that can be obtained through a DIYC COOP.

[[Comparison of DIY Boards]]- Charts that compare statistics on various COOP boards, including their channel count, cost, and COOP status.

[[Renard Main Page]]- Renard is a simple PIC-Based Light Dimmer Controller for use with Vixen.

[[Solid State Relays]]- Solid State Relays (SSRs) are used for switching of mains-voltage lights in a computerized display.

[[DMX to Grinch/595 convertor]]- How to make your Grinch speak DMX.

[[Olsen 595]]- How to make an Olsen 595 controller at home.

[[DMX ROBO Spot Light]]- How to build a Robotic Full Color Spotlight.

[[Control boards and Contacts]]- list of board designs found on DIYC and contact sources for them.

[[Compatible Serial Adapters]]- list of known serial port adapters that will work with our displays.

==Overview of DIY Hardware Approaches That Work With Vixen==

This section provides information about Do-It-Yourself (DIY) hardware that works with the [[Vixen]] software program. Vixen is a Windows (.NET Framework 2) program that runs on a PC, and is used to create and run light shows that may be synchronized to music. Here is a brief list of the DIY approaches that you can take that will work with Vixen.

===Non-Dimmable Light Controllers===

====SSR Direct Attach====

* Controlled through: Parallel Port
* Documentation: [[Solid State Relays]]

If you need 12 or fewer channels, you can just buy or build SSRs and connect them to the parallel port on your PC, and use them to turn 110VAC light strings (or just plain lamps) on and off (no dimming). These ssrs must be sourced or positive switched. From time to time there are coop buys of SSR boards,but these are usually sinked, and/or parts, to reduce your expense. You could place a couple ULN2803s and use the coop sinked ssrs. For more information on this come over to the forum and/or ask on the LiveChat.

====Kit74====
*Controlled through: Parallel Port

This is a kit with mechanical relays that can be purchased from various places. It is similar to the SSR Direct Attach, although the mechanical relays are noisy and have a limited lifespan. There are probably other similar kits available as well.

====Hill320====
* Controlled through: Parallel Port
* Documentation: http://computerchristmas.com/christmas/link-how_to/HowToId-4/How_To_Build_A_Parallel_Port_Controller_Box

This is a controller originally designed by Hill Robertson http://computerchristmas.com to allow up to 320 channels to be controlled by a PC, and requires an external power supply and SSRs. There isn't any coop board for this design at the moment. It is a more complicated design, and it is not currently recommended for newbies.

====Olsen 595/Grinch====
*Controlled through: Parallel Port
*Documentation: [[The GRINCH Controller]], [[GRINCH Controller Assembly Instructions]]
*Documentation: [[Olsen 595]]

This is a popular controller based on an approach first popularized on the http://computerchristmas.com and/or http://planetchristmas.com forums by Peter Olsen. In its first incarnation it used 8-bit 74HC595 logic chips, often with external buffers, while a later design (Grinch), popularized by Robert Jordan, uses 16-bit chips specialized for this use. There are coop boards available for both of these designs. These coop boards need external power supplies, and work with external (coop) SSR boards to control AC lighting.

There are some variations of this approach that support dimming, but they are not as popular and there aren't any coop boards available. However, using a [[Ren-C]] board can add dimming capability to a 595 or Grinch, which causes the board to operate as a Renard board. There is also an option available to run a Grinch or 595 controller from DMX with full dimming capability [[DMX_to_Grinch/595_convertor | HERE]].

The Grinch board is a good choice if you need more than 12 channels but want a board that is simple to build. It doesn't use very many parts, and is easy to assemble.

===Dimmable Light Controllers===
====Firegod====
*Controlled through : Serial Port
*Documentation: [[Firegod]]

This is a modular system that supports 32 to 128 channels per serial port, in increments of 32 channels, with 100 levels of dimming (using pulse width modulation - PWM). It consists of a host controller module and one to four field modules. The SSRs are not included on these boards, and must be provided separately. The interface to this system is RS-232. This system is available on a coop basis from time to time, with the kits including the boards, the parts, and pre-programmed microcontroller chips (PICs). This board is intermediate in complexity to build.

====Renard====
*Controlled through: Serial Port
*Documentation: [[Renard]]

This is another modular system that supports a varying number of channels, depending on baud rate selection. It supports 256 levels of dimming, and can be configured with or without PWM, or for use in DC applications. There are several coop boards available for this system with varying capabilities. It can be a fairly complex system because there are so many options. More information is available at the link listed above.

====Lynx====
*Controlled through: [[DMX]]
*Manual [[LYNX_Controller_Manual]]
The Lynx is a DIY dimmer design that uses [[DMX]] as its protocol but uses standard Cat5 cable for interconnections. It's designed to be similar to the layout of commercially available dimmers (LOR, AL, etc). It is an all in one unit that has its own power supply and SSR's built into it. You connect your DMX Cat5 and plug it in. Lights plug into female cord connections that exit from the board. It allows for a full 256 levels of dimming. The starting address is programmed via vixen. Since it uses the DMX protocol you can run 512 channels of Lynx on one DMX universe at 25ms timming.

In an effort to prevent variations in the design (leading to complications for the newer builders), insure that troubleshooting help can be provided, and keep the total cost as low as possible it is done as a modified coop. All the parts including the PCB and an enclosure are included. The necessary PIC microprocessor will come with the program preloaded so that the builder will not need a PIC programmer. A detailed instruction manual with pictures is included and should allow anyone with basic soldering skills to successfully build the controller.

====Helix====
*Controlled through: Standalone
*Documentation: [[Helix]]

The Helix is a standalone, networkable, modular system that supports a virtually unlimited number of channels. It supports 256 levels of PWM dimming. A Helix system consists of a Helix Main board and up to three Helix Daughter boards. Each Main board and Daughter board can control up to 32 channels. The Main board and basic Daughter board uses the standard four channel SSR boards. There is a 32ch SSR Daughter board that has the SSRs integrated with a basic Daughter board. If more than 128 channels are needed another Helix system can be added to form a Helix Network. These systems stay sync’d via a wireless XBee link. Up to 251 additional Helix systems can be added to the Helix Network as long as they are within radio range of the first Helix system. This allows up to 32,128 channels in a pure Helix system.

Since it is a standalone system, the Helix is a fairly complex system to build and operate. In an effort to minimize the complexity, the design and firmware are configuration controlled by the original system designer, Gregory Bartlett (gmbartlett). The PCBs and preprogrammed EEPROMs are available from him. All PCBs are bare except for the Helix Main Board. Since it requires a surface mount microSD card socket, this part comes presoldered.

===Other Controllers (Signs, Servos, etc.)===
====LedTriks====
*Controlled through: Parallel Port
*Documentation: [[LedTriks Controller Assembly Instructions]] [http://www.christmasinshirley.com/wiki/images/8/8e/LEDTriks_Wiring_Schematic.pdf LedTriks Wiring Diagram]

This board controls low-voltage LED panel and was designed by Robert Jordan. These panels are typically 16 LEDs high by 48 LEDs wide, for a total of 768 LEDs. Vixen can control up to four panels through one parallel port, and can even display text.

One of the problems with the original LedTriks design was the load placed on the PC to chunk the data out the parallel port. The Triks-C and the PIX-C controllers were created to address these shortcomings.

=====Triks-C=====
*Controlled through: Serial port or USB/serial adapter.
*Documentation: [[TRIKSC]], [http://www.christmasinshirley.com/wiki/index.php?title=Image:TRIKSC_CONTROLLER_v.0.1_manual.pdf Manual in PDF format]

This is a an add-on controller/processor for the LedTriks. The TRIKS-C uses an ATMEL processor to take a LedTriks file and send it out to the LedTriks Controller, via the serial port.

=====PIX-C=====
*Controlled through: Serial port or USB/serial adapter.
*Documentation: [[PIX-C]]

This is an add-on controller/processor for the LedTriks. It is backward compatible with the TRIKS-C, and is based on the Microchip 16F688 processor.

====JEC Pixel Displays====
*Controlled through: [[DMX]]

Pixels are a stand-alone lighting fixture controlled by DMX-512. Each pixel has banks of red, green and blue wide-angle LEDs, currently six of each. Firmware is available in two versions: 3 and 4 channel. 3 channel requires a dmx channel for red, green and blue intensity. Four channel adds master intensity control to the original three.

Pixels require a stiff +12v switching power supply. Each circuit board draws ~ 130 mA at full brightness. Pixels chain together using standard CAT5 networking cable. Per the DMX spec, no more than 32 pixels should be connected together without using an optosplitter / signal buffer.

LED refresh rate is nearly 100 Hz.

More details can be found at http://www.response-box.com/rgblights

Currently in progress is a version of the firmware which will allow the DMX address to be changed in the field. Currently the address is hard-coded.

====rgbLED====
* Controlled through: Serial Port

The RGB LED's will have the ability to make hundreds of colors with a single led. They can be controlled individually, series, or parallel with each other. These are not able to be addressable individually as they have no control onboard. You will have to use DCSSR's, Franks Ren24LV, or a Grinch to turn each channel on and off to get the desired color. Each RGB LED will use 3 channels, 1 for each color. These would give you the ability to make strings out of these to have any color you want. It will also use less power compared to standard mini lights.

More information to follow as I start my testing.

==Pictures of Various Coop Boards (mostly assembled)==
<gallery caption="Coop Boards (mostly assembled)" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">

Image:SSROZ 2.5a (small).jpg|[[4_Channel_SSROZ_Assembly_Instructions | SSR (solid state relay)]]
Image:SSRez.jpg|[[SSRez | SSR (solid state relay ez)]]
Image: coop595.jpg|[[64_Channel_Olsen_595_Controller_Assembly_Instructions | 595 Coop Board]]
Image: Coopgrinch.jpg|[[GRINCH_Controller_Assembly_Instructions | Grinch]]
Image: Ren24.jpg|[[24 Channel Renard with SSR Assembly Instructions | Renard by FKostyun: 24 ports with on-board power supply and SSRs]]
Image:Wiki_-_Renard_SS8_Complete.jpg|Renard SS 8
Image:Wiki_-_Renard_SS16_Completed_Board.jpg|Renard SS 16
Image:Wiki_-_Renard_SS24_Completed_Board.jpg|Renard SS 24
Image:xmus.jpg|[[16_Channel_Renard_with_SSRs | Ren16 (xmus)]]
Image:USBtoDMX.jpg|RPM USB to DMX Adapter
Image:DMX4SSR.jpg|RPM DMX4 SSR
Image:DMX16SSR_PCBOARD.JPG|RPM DMX16 SSR
Image:DMX8-DCSSR-Board.jpg|RPM DMX8 DC SSR
Image:Grinch_DMX_Dimmer_V2.jpg|[[DMX_to_Grinch/595_convertor |RPM Grinch DMX Dimming Adapter]]

</gallery>

==Commercial Products Supported By Vixen==

===Digital Input/Output Cards===

*[[PCI-DIO-96]] by National Instruments
*[http://www.elexol.com/IO_Modules/USB_IO_24.php Elexol USB I/O 24] - ([http://lights.onthefive.com/vixen-plugins Plugin] by Jonathon Reinhart)
*[http://www.elexol.com/IO_Modules/Ether_IO_24.php Elexol Ether I/O 24] - ([http://lights.onthefive.com/vixen-plugins Plugin] by Jonathon Reinhart)

Electronics Hardware

2010-09-16T15:22:16Z

Dmcole: /* Ledtriks */ Made all spellings of LedTriks, Triks-C and PIX-C consistent; fixed some wording.

This page contains links to ChristmasWiki entries relating to electronics hardware. It also has an overview of various types of DIY hardware that works with [[Vixen]] software.

==Links==

[[Hardware Design Guidelines]]- The DIYC community standard for hardware design. It is recommended that you check your electronic device and PCB designs against this standard.

[[Co-Op Boards and Assembly Instructions]]- Assembly instructions and documentation on boards that can be obtained through a DIYC COOP.

[[Comparison of DIY Boards]]- Charts that compare statistics on various COOP boards, including their channel count, cost, and COOP status.

[[Renard Main Page]]- Renard is a simple PIC-Based Light Dimmer Controller for use with Vixen.

[[Solid State Relays]]- Solid State Relays (SSRs) are used for switching of mains-voltage lights in a computerized display.

[[DMX to Grinch/595 convertor]]- How to make your Grinch speak DMX.

[[Olsen 595]]- How to make an Olsen 595 controller at home.

[[DMX ROBO Spot Light]]- How to build a Robotic Full Color Spotlight.

[[Control boards and Contacts]]- list of board designs found on DIYC and contact sources for them.

[[Compatible Serial Adapters]]- list of known serial port adapters that will work with our displays.

==Overview of DIY Hardware Approaches That Work With Vixen==

This section provides information about Do-It-Yourself (DIY) hardware that works with the [[Vixen]] software program. Vixen is a Windows (.NET Framework 2) program that runs on a PC, and is used to create and run light shows that may be synchronized to music. Here is a brief list of the DIY approaches that you can take that will work with Vixen.

===Non-Dimmable Light Controllers===

====SSR Direct Attach====

* Controlled through: Parallel Port
* Documentation: [[Solid State Relays]]

If you need 12 or fewer channels, you can just buy or build SSRs and connect them to the parallel port on your PC, and use them to turn 110VAC light strings (or just plain lamps) on and off (no dimming). These ssrs must be sourced or positive switched. From time to time there are coop buys of SSR boards,but these are usually sinked, and/or parts, to reduce your expense. You could place a couple ULN2803s and use the coop sinked ssrs. For more information on this come over to the forum and/or ask on the LiveChat.

====Kit74====
*Controlled through: Parallel Port

This is a kit with mechanical relays that can be purchased from various places. It is similar to the SSR Direct Attach, although the mechanical relays are noisy and have a limited lifespan. There are probably other similar kits available as well.

====Hill320====
* Controlled through: Parallel Port
* Documentation: http://computerchristmas.com/christmas/link-how_to/HowToId-4/How_To_Build_A_Parallel_Port_Controller_Box

This is a controller originally designed by Hill Robertson http://computerchristmas.com to allow up to 320 channels to be controlled by a PC, and requires an external power supply and SSRs. There isn't any coop board for this design at the moment. It is a more complicated design, and it is not currently recommended for newbies.

====Olsen 595/Grinch====
*Controlled through: Parallel Port
*Documentation: [[The GRINCH Controller]], [[GRINCH Controller Assembly Instructions]]
*Documentation: [[Olsen 595]]

This is a popular controller based on an approach first popularized on the http://computerchristmas.com and/or http://planetchristmas.com forums by Peter Olsen. In its first incarnation it used 8-bit 74HC595 logic chips, often with external buffers, while a later design (Grinch), popularized by Robert Jordan, uses 16-bit chips specialized for this use. There are coop boards available for both of these designs. These coop boards need external power supplies, and work with external (coop) SSR boards to control AC lighting.

There are some variations of this approach that support dimming, but they are not as popular and there aren't any coop boards available. However, using a [[Ren-C]] board can add dimming capability to a 595 or Grinch, which causes the board to operate as a Renard board. There is also an option available to run a Grinch or 595 controller from DMX with full dimming capability [[DMX_to_Grinch/595_convertor | HERE]].

The Grinch board is a good choice if you need more than 12 channels but want a board that is simple to build. It doesn't use very many parts, and is easy to assemble.

===Dimmable Light Controllers===
====Firegod====
*Controlled through : Serial Port
*Documentation: [[Firegod]]

This is a modular system that supports 32 to 128 channels per serial port, in increments of 32 channels, with 100 levels of dimming (using pulse width modulation - PWM). It consists of a host controller module and one to four field modules. The SSRs are not included on these boards, and must be provided separately. The interface to this system is RS-232. This system is available on a coop basis from time to time, with the kits including the boards, the parts, and pre-programmed microcontroller chips (PICs). This board is intermediate in complexity to build.

====Renard====
*Controlled through: Serial Port
*Documentation: [[Renard]]

This is another modular system that supports a varying number of channels, depending on baud rate selection. It supports 256 levels of dimming, and can be configured with or without PWM, or for use in DC applications. There are several coop boards available for this system with varying capabilities. It can be a fairly complex system because there are so many options. More information is available at the link listed above.

====Lynx====
*Controlled through: [[DMX]]
*Manual [[LYNX_Controller_Manual]]
The Lynx is a DIY dimmer design that uses [[DMX]] as its protocol but uses standard Cat5 cable for interconnections. It's designed to be similar to the layout of commercially available dimmers (LOR, AL, etc). It is an all in one unit that has its own power supply and SSR's built into it. You connect your DMX Cat5 and plug it in. Lights plug into female cord connections that exit from the board. It allows for a full 256 levels of dimming. The starting address is programmed via vixen. Since it uses the DMX protocol you can run 512 channels of Lynx on one DMX universe at 25ms timming.

In an effort to prevent variations in the design (leading to complications for the newer builders), insure that troubleshooting help can be provided, and keep the total cost as low as possible it is done as a modified coop. All the parts including the PCB and an enclosure are included. The necessary PIC microprocessor will come with the program preloaded so that the builder will not need a PIC programmer. A detailed instruction manual with pictures is included and should allow anyone with basic soldering skills to successfully build the controller.

====Helix====
*Controlled through: Standalone
*Documentation: [[Helix]]

The Helix is a standalone, networkable, modular system that supports a virtually unlimited number of channels. It supports 256 levels of PWM dimming. A Helix system consists of a Helix Main board and up to three Helix Daughter boards. Each Main board and Daughter board can control up to 32 channels. The Main board and basic Daughter board uses the standard four channel SSR boards. There is a 32ch SSR Daughter board that has the SSRs integrated with a basic Daughter board. If more than 128 channels are needed another Helix system can be added to form a Helix Network. These systems stay sync’d via a wireless XBee link. Up to 251 additional Helix systems can be added to the Helix Network as long as they are within radio range of the first Helix system. This allows up to 32,128 channels in a pure Helix system.

Since it is a standalone system, the Helix is a fairly complex system to build and operate. In an effort to minimize the complexity, the design and firmware are configuration controlled by the original system designer, Gregory Bartlett (gmbartlett). The PCBs and preprogrammed EEPROMs are available from him. All PCBs are bare except for the Helix Main Board. Since it requires a surface mount microSD card socket, this part comes presoldered.

===Other Controllers (Signs, Servos, etc.)===
====LedTriks====
*Controlled through: Parallel Port
*Documentation: [[LedTriks Controller Assembly Instructions]] [http://www.christmasinshirley.com/wiki/images/8/8e/LEDTriks_Wiring_Schematic.pdf LedTriks Wiring Diagram]

This board controls low-voltage LED panel and was designed by Robert Jordan. These panels are typically 16 LEDs high by 48 LEDs wide, for a total of 768 LEDs. Vixen can control up to four panels through one parallel port, and can even display text.

One of the problems with the original LedTriks design was the load placed on the PC to chunk the data out the parallel port. The Triks-C and the PIX-C controllers were created to address these shortcomings.

=====Triks-C=====
*Controlled through: Serial port or USB/serial adapter.
*Documentation: [[TRIKSC]], [http://www.christmasinshirley.com/wiki/index.php?title=Image:TRIKSC_CONTROLLER_v.0.1_manual.pdf Manual in PDF format]

This is a an add on controller/processor for the LedTriks. The TRIKS-C uses an ATMEL processor to take a LedTriks file and send it out to the LedTriks Controller, via the serial port.

=====PIX-C=====
*Controlled through: Serial port or USB/serial adapter.
*Documentation: [[PIX-C]]

This is an add-on controller/processor for the LedTriks. It is backward compatible with the TRIKS-C, and is based on the Microchip 16F688 processor.

====JEC Pixel Displays====
*Controlled through: [[DMX]]

Pixels are a stand-alone lighting fixture controlled by DMX-512. Each pixel has banks of red, green and blue wide-angle LEDs, currently six of each. Firmware is available in two versions: 3 and 4 channel. 3 channel requires a dmx channel for red, green and blue intensity. Four channel adds master intensity control to the original three.

Pixels require a stiff +12v switching power supply. Each circuit board draws ~ 130 mA at full brightness. Pixels chain together using standard CAT5 networking cable. Per the DMX spec, no more than 32 pixels should be connected together without using an optosplitter / signal buffer.

LED refresh rate is nearly 100 Hz.

More details can be found at http://www.response-box.com/rgblights

Currently in progress is a version of the firmware which will allow the DMX address to be changed in the field. Currently the address is hard-coded.

====rgbLED====
* Controlled through: Serial Port

The RGB LED's will have the ability to make hundreds of colors with a single led. They can be controlled individually, series, or parallel with each other. These are not able to be addressable individually as they have no control onboard. You will have to use DCSSR's, Franks Ren24LV, or a Grinch to turn each channel on and off to get the desired color. Each RGB LED will use 3 channels, 1 for each color. These would give you the ability to make strings out of these to have any color you want. It will also use less power compared to standard mini lights.

More information to follow as I start my testing.

==Pictures of Various Coop Boards (mostly assembled)==
<gallery caption="Coop Boards (mostly assembled)" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">

Image:SSROZ 2.5a (small).jpg|[[4_Channel_SSROZ_Assembly_Instructions | SSR (solid state relay)]]
Image:SSRez.jpg|[[SSRez | SSR (solid state relay ez)]]
Image: coop595.jpg|[[64_Channel_Olsen_595_Controller_Assembly_Instructions | 595 Coop Board]]
Image: Coopgrinch.jpg|[[GRINCH_Controller_Assembly_Instructions | Grinch]]
Image: Ren24.jpg|[[24 Channel Renard with SSR Assembly Instructions | Renard by FKostyun: 24 ports with on-board power supply and SSRs]]
Image:Wiki_-_Renard_SS8_Complete.jpg|Renard SS 8
Image:Wiki_-_Renard_SS16_Completed_Board.jpg|Renard SS 16
Image:Wiki_-_Renard_SS24_Completed_Board.jpg|Renard SS 24
Image:xmus.jpg|[[16_Channel_Renard_with_SSRs | Ren16 (xmus)]]
Image:USBtoDMX.jpg|RPM USB to DMX Adapter
Image:DMX4SSR.jpg|RPM DMX4 SSR
Image:DMX16SSR_PCBOARD.JPG|RPM DMX16 SSR
Image:DMX8-DCSSR-Board.jpg|RPM DMX8 DC SSR
Image:Grinch_DMX_Dimmer_V2.jpg|[[DMX_to_Grinch/595_convertor |RPM Grinch DMX Dimming Adapter]]

</gallery>

==Commercial Products Supported By Vixen==

===Digital Input/Output Cards===

*[[PCI-DIO-96]] by National Instruments
*[http://www.elexol.com/IO_Modules/USB_IO_24.php Elexol USB I/O 24] - ([http://lights.onthefive.com/vixen-plugins Plugin] by Jonathon Reinhart)
*[http://www.elexol.com/IO_Modules/Ether_IO_24.php Elexol Ether I/O 24] - ([http://lights.onthefive.com/vixen-plugins Plugin] by Jonathon Reinhart)

Electronics Hardware

2010-09-16T15:13:52Z

Dmcole: /* PIX-C */

This page contains links to ChristmasWiki entries relating to electronics hardware. It also has an overview of various types of DIY hardware that works with [[Vixen]] software.

==Links==

[[Hardware Design Guidelines]]- The DIYC community standard for hardware design. It is recommended that you check your electronic device and PCB designs against this standard.

[[Co-Op Boards and Assembly Instructions]]- Assembly instructions and documentation on boards that can be obtained through a DIYC COOP.

[[Comparison of DIY Boards]]- Charts that compare statistics on various COOP boards, including their channel count, cost, and COOP status.

[[Renard Main Page]]- Renard is a simple PIC-Based Light Dimmer Controller for use with Vixen.

[[Solid State Relays]]- Solid State Relays (SSRs) are used for switching of mains-voltage lights in a computerized display.

[[DMX to Grinch/595 convertor]]- How to make your Grinch speak DMX.

[[Olsen 595]]- How to make an Olsen 595 controller at home.

[[DMX ROBO Spot Light]]- How to build a Robotic Full Color Spotlight.

[[Control boards and Contacts]]- list of board designs found on DIYC and contact sources for them.

[[Compatible Serial Adapters]]- list of known serial port adapters that will work with our displays.

==Overview of DIY Hardware Approaches That Work With Vixen==

This section provides information about Do-It-Yourself (DIY) hardware that works with the [[Vixen]] software program. Vixen is a Windows (.NET Framework 2) program that runs on a PC, and is used to create and run light shows that may be synchronized to music. Here is a brief list of the DIY approaches that you can take that will work with Vixen.

===Non-Dimmable Light Controllers===

====SSR Direct Attach====

* Controlled through: Parallel Port
* Documentation: [[Solid State Relays]]

If you need 12 or fewer channels, you can just buy or build SSRs and connect them to the parallel port on your PC, and use them to turn 110VAC light strings (or just plain lamps) on and off (no dimming). These ssrs must be sourced or positive switched. From time to time there are coop buys of SSR boards,but these are usually sinked, and/or parts, to reduce your expense. You could place a couple ULN2803s and use the coop sinked ssrs. For more information on this come over to the forum and/or ask on the LiveChat.

====Kit74====
*Controlled through: Parallel Port

This is a kit with mechanical relays that can be purchased from various places. It is similar to the SSR Direct Attach, although the mechanical relays are noisy and have a limited lifespan. There are probably other similar kits available as well.

====Hill320====
* Controlled through: Parallel Port
* Documentation: http://computerchristmas.com/christmas/link-how_to/HowToId-4/How_To_Build_A_Parallel_Port_Controller_Box

This is a controller originally designed by Hill Robertson http://computerchristmas.com to allow up to 320 channels to be controlled by a PC, and requires an external power supply and SSRs. There isn't any coop board for this design at the moment. It is a more complicated design, and it is not currently recommended for newbies.

====Olsen 595/Grinch====
*Controlled through: Parallel Port
*Documentation: [[The GRINCH Controller]], [[GRINCH Controller Assembly Instructions]]
*Documentation: [[Olsen 595]]

This is a popular controller based on an approach first popularized on the http://computerchristmas.com and/or http://planetchristmas.com forums by Peter Olsen. In its first incarnation it used 8-bit 74HC595 logic chips, often with external buffers, while a later design (Grinch), popularized by Robert Jordan, uses 16-bit chips specialized for this use. There are coop boards available for both of these designs. These coop boards need external power supplies, and work with external (coop) SSR boards to control AC lighting.

There are some variations of this approach that support dimming, but they are not as popular and there aren't any coop boards available. However, using a [[Ren-C]] board can add dimming capability to a 595 or Grinch, which causes the board to operate as a Renard board. There is also an option available to run a Grinch or 595 controller from DMX with full dimming capability [[DMX_to_Grinch/595_convertor | HERE]].

The Grinch board is a good choice if you need more than 12 channels but want a board that is simple to build. It doesn't use very many parts, and is easy to assemble.

===Dimmable Light Controllers===
====Firegod====
*Controlled through : Serial Port
*Documentation: [[Firegod]]

This is a modular system that supports 32 to 128 channels per serial port, in increments of 32 channels, with 100 levels of dimming (using pulse width modulation - PWM). It consists of a host controller module and one to four field modules. The SSRs are not included on these boards, and must be provided separately. The interface to this system is RS-232. This system is available on a coop basis from time to time, with the kits including the boards, the parts, and pre-programmed microcontroller chips (PICs). This board is intermediate in complexity to build.

====Renard====
*Controlled through: Serial Port
*Documentation: [[Renard]]

This is another modular system that supports a varying number of channels, depending on baud rate selection. It supports 256 levels of dimming, and can be configured with or without PWM, or for use in DC applications. There are several coop boards available for this system with varying capabilities. It can be a fairly complex system because there are so many options. More information is available at the link listed above.

====Lynx====
*Controlled through: [[DMX]]
*Manual [[LYNX_Controller_Manual]]
The Lynx is a DIY dimmer design that uses [[DMX]] as its protocol but uses standard Cat5 cable for interconnections. It's designed to be similar to the layout of commercially available dimmers (LOR, AL, etc). It is an all in one unit that has its own power supply and SSR's built into it. You connect your DMX Cat5 and plug it in. Lights plug into female cord connections that exit from the board. It allows for a full 256 levels of dimming. The starting address is programmed via vixen. Since it uses the DMX protocol you can run 512 channels of Lynx on one DMX universe at 25ms timming.

In an effort to prevent variations in the design (leading to complications for the newer builders), insure that troubleshooting help can be provided, and keep the total cost as low as possible it is done as a modified coop. All the parts including the PCB and an enclosure are included. The necessary PIC microprocessor will come with the program preloaded so that the builder will not need a PIC programmer. A detailed instruction manual with pictures is included and should allow anyone with basic soldering skills to successfully build the controller.

====Helix====
*Controlled through: Standalone
*Documentation: [[Helix]]

The Helix is a standalone, networkable, modular system that supports a virtually unlimited number of channels. It supports 256 levels of PWM dimming. A Helix system consists of a Helix Main board and up to three Helix Daughter boards. Each Main board and Daughter board can control up to 32 channels. The Main board and basic Daughter board uses the standard four channel SSR boards. There is a 32ch SSR Daughter board that has the SSRs integrated with a basic Daughter board. If more than 128 channels are needed another Helix system can be added to form a Helix Network. These systems stay sync’d via a wireless XBee link. Up to 251 additional Helix systems can be added to the Helix Network as long as they are within radio range of the first Helix system. This allows up to 32,128 channels in a pure Helix system.

Since it is a standalone system, the Helix is a fairly complex system to build and operate. In an effort to minimize the complexity, the design and firmware are configuration controlled by the original system designer, Gregory Bartlett (gmbartlett). The PCBs and preprogrammed EEPROMs are available from him. All PCBs are bare except for the Helix Main Board. Since it requires a surface mount microSD card socket, this part comes presoldered.

===Other Controllers (Signs, Servos, etc.)===
====Ledtriks====
*Controlled through: Parallel Port
*Documentation: [[LedTriks Controller Assembly Instructions]] [http://www.christmasinshirley.com/wiki/images/8/8e/LEDTriks_Wiring_Schematic.pdf LedTriks Wiring Diagram]

This is a controller to control low-voltage LED panels, designed by Robert Jordan. These panels are typically 16 LEDs high by 48 LEDs wide, for a total of 768 LEDs. Vixen can control up to four panels through one parallel port, and can even display text.

One of the problems with the original LEDTRIKS design was the load placed on the PC to chunk the data out the parallel port.
The TRICKS-C and the PIC-C controllers were created to address this shortcoming.

=====Triks-C=====
*Controlled through: Serial port or standalone
*Documentation: [[TRIKSC]], [http://www.christmasinshirley.com/wiki/index.php?title=Image:TRIKSC_CONTROLLER_v.0.1_manual.pdf Manual in PDF format]

This is a an add on controller/process for the Ledtricks. The TRIKS-C uses a ATMEL process to take a LEDSTRIKS file and sends it out to the LEDTRIKS Controller, via the serial prot.

=====PIX-C=====
*Controlled through: Serial port or standalone
*Documentation: [[PIX-C]]

This is an add-on controller/processor for the Ledtricks. It is backward compatible with the TRIKS-C, and is based on the Microchip 16F688 processor.

====JEC Pixel Displays====
*Controlled through: [[DMX]]

Pixels are a stand-alone lighting fixture controlled by DMX-512. Each pixel has banks of red, green and blue wide-angle LEDs, currently six of each. Firmware is available in two versions: 3 and 4 channel. 3 channel requires a dmx channel for red, green and blue intensity. Four channel adds master intensity control to the original three.

Pixels require a stiff +12v switching power supply. Each circuit board draws ~ 130 mA at full brightness. Pixels chain together using standard CAT5 networking cable. Per the DMX spec, no more than 32 pixels should be connected together without using an optosplitter / signal buffer.

LED refresh rate is nearly 100 Hz.

More details can be found at http://www.response-box.com/rgblights

Currently in progress is a version of the firmware which will allow the DMX address to be changed in the field. Currently the address is hard-coded.

====rgbLED====
* Controlled through: Serial Port

The RGB LED's will have the ability to make hundreds of colors with a single led. They can be controlled individually, series, or parallel with each other. These are not able to be addressable individually as they have no control onboard. You will have to use DCSSR's, Franks Ren24LV, or a Grinch to turn each channel on and off to get the desired color. Each RGB LED will use 3 channels, 1 for each color. These would give you the ability to make strings out of these to have any color you want. It will also use less power compared to standard mini lights.

More information to follow as I start my testing.

==Pictures of Various Coop Boards (mostly assembled)==
<gallery caption="Coop Boards (mostly assembled)" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">

Image:SSROZ 2.5a (small).jpg|[[4_Channel_SSROZ_Assembly_Instructions | SSR (solid state relay)]]
Image:SSRez.jpg|[[SSRez | SSR (solid state relay ez)]]
Image: coop595.jpg|[[64_Channel_Olsen_595_Controller_Assembly_Instructions | 595 Coop Board]]
Image: Coopgrinch.jpg|[[GRINCH_Controller_Assembly_Instructions | Grinch]]
Image: Ren24.jpg|[[24 Channel Renard with SSR Assembly Instructions | Renard by FKostyun: 24 ports with on-board power supply and SSRs]]
Image:Wiki_-_Renard_SS8_Complete.jpg|Renard SS 8
Image:Wiki_-_Renard_SS16_Completed_Board.jpg|Renard SS 16
Image:Wiki_-_Renard_SS24_Completed_Board.jpg|Renard SS 24
Image:xmus.jpg|[[16_Channel_Renard_with_SSRs | Ren16 (xmus)]]
Image:USBtoDMX.jpg|RPM USB to DMX Adapter
Image:DMX4SSR.jpg|RPM DMX4 SSR
Image:DMX16SSR_PCBOARD.JPG|RPM DMX16 SSR
Image:DMX8-DCSSR-Board.jpg|RPM DMX8 DC SSR
Image:Grinch_DMX_Dimmer_V2.jpg|[[DMX_to_Grinch/595_convertor |RPM Grinch DMX Dimming Adapter]]

</gallery>

==Commercial Products Supported By Vixen==

===Digital Input/Output Cards===

*[[PCI-DIO-96]] by National Instruments
*[http://www.elexol.com/IO_Modules/USB_IO_24.php Elexol USB I/O 24] - ([http://lights.onthefive.com/vixen-plugins Plugin] by Jonathon Reinhart)
*[http://www.elexol.com/IO_Modules/Ether_IO_24.php Elexol Ether I/O 24] - ([http://lights.onthefive.com/vixen-plugins Plugin] by Jonathon Reinhart)

DMX

2010-09-11T00:43:13Z

Dmcole: /* Vixen Setup */

If you do not possess the required electronics knowledge to create a controller from scratch or do not the have the funds to buy a commercial system but want to create your own display there is another option. You can purchase off-the-shelf ready-to-use dimmers that are controlled by DMX. With Vixen's DMX plug-in creating a display is as easy as buying DMX controlled dimmers from a local music store, and plugging in a USB-to-DMX dongle to your PC. Now you have a complete system ready to be programmed and impress your neighbors.

==What is DMX?==

DMX (Digital Multiplexing) is a communications protocol created by the theatrical lighting industry to control stage lighting. DMX controls everything from dimmers to moving lights and has been the standard for lighting control for over two decades.

[http://www.dovesystems.com/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=30 DMX for Dummies is a must read if you are new to DMX]

==Why DMX?==

DMX is very robust and stable in harsh environments. DMX also allows you to control 512 dimmable channels and up to 32 devices all from one cable.

In addition, because DMX is sent via RS-485/422 hardware it can travel up to 1500 meters (~4921 feet). Finally, because DMX is the worldwide lighting communications standard you can purchase any brand of DMX dimmers, connect them and be dimming within minutes.

"Dimmers" are a type of control box that allows a person to plug in multiple lights (or strings of lights) and control their intensity using DMX. Each dimmer normally supports four separate channels, each channel capable of being set to a certain brightness.

In addition to dimmers, DMX is a great option if you want to have other lighting effects in your display. DMX can be used to control DMX-capable moving lights, color changers, lasers, LED light bars and spot lights, fog machines, snow machines, and more.

==Where can I get DMX controlled equipment?==
===Buying===

Because DMX has been around so long DMX controlled devices can be purchased through a number of different local and online sources. Locally most music stores sell DMX dimmers and effects to bands and DJ's. [http://www.guitarcenter.com Guitar Center] is an example of a national chain that sells inexpensive dimmers and effects. In addition, most major cities have theatrical supply dealers that sell dimmers and effects. Generally, the products they carry are of a higher quality and will be more expensive. As for online sources, [http://www.ebay.com EBay] is an excellent source for used DMX equipment.

NOTE: When shopping for equipment make sure it can be controlled by DMX. There are a number of manufacturers that use their own proprietary protocol and require converters to gain DMX control.

===Renting===

You don’t have to buy equipment. Because DMX is a standard protocol in the theater industry, you can actually rent equipment. A theatrical rental house will rent dimmers, moving lights, cables, fixtures, and other effects at a weekly rate. Check your yellow pages.

NOTE: The theater industry uses different style of power connector called stage-pin. Your home and Christmas lights have what is called an Edison connector. Also higher channel count dimmers (usually 12 and above) generally have what’s called cam-locs for power inputs. These dimmers are generally hardwired into an electrical service panel with "tails." Keep these things in mind if you rent dimmers or fixtures!

==Specifications==

Channels:512 (all dimmable)

Devices:32

Topology: daisy chain

Transmission: RS-485/422

Speed: 250kbit/sec

Distance: 1500 meters (~4921 feet)

Connector: 5-pin or 3-pin XLR

Pinout: 1-Common, 2-Data Minus, 3-Data Plus, 4-Not Connected, 5-Not Connected

==Setup==
===Connecting Devices===

DMX connects devices to each other via a daisy-chain topology, which means that each new device is connected to the last in one long chain (also called a universe). A device can be anything from a dimmer pack to a moving light as long as it can receive DMX. For this article we will assume the device is a dimmer pack (dimmer).

Generally, there is a DMX-In and a DMX-Out on each dimmer. The DMX-Out from the previous dimmer connects to the DMX-In of the new dimmer. You can chain a maximum of 32 dimmers together on one run (universe). The DMX standard dictates that all DMX output connectors should be female XLRs and all input connectors should be male XLRs. While not part of the DMX standard some DIY and permanent installation equipment uses RJ45 connectors.

These are the typical and most common pin-outs.

[[Image:DMX pinsRev2.gif]]

NOTE: "Pixels" in the table refers to a DIY project that can be found [http://www.response-box.com/rgblights/index.shtml here].

At the last dimmer, a terminator needs to be connected to the output XLR. This terminator eliminates any electrical reflections on the line that may cause your dimmers to flicker or act unreliably. A terminator is just a male XLR with a 120-ohm resistor soldered between pins 2 and 3. You can purchase them preassembled or make one yourself.

[http://www.dmx512.com/web/light/dmx512/diy/term/term.htm 5-pin DIY terminator]

[http://people.bath.ac.uk/su2bc/infoguides/lighting/dmx/dmxcabling.shtml 3-Pin DIY terminator]

[http://www.dfd.com/dmxbasic.html DMX Cabling Basics]

===Notes about Connectors and Cables===

While many of the inexpensive dimmers use a 3-pin XLR, using a mic cable to connect your dimmers together is ''highly'' discouraged. Mic cables have electrical properties that are great for audio transmission but damage the DMX data transmission. Always purchase cable specifically designed for DMX, while it is more expensive it will ensure reliable communications between your dimmers.

In addition some manufacturers swap Data Minus and Data Plus on the 3-pin XLR connector. Refer to the user manual for the proper pinout for dimmer pack.

===Addressing Devices===

Once of the dimmers are connected to one another they need to be addressed. All dimmers come with some capacity to specify a starting address. Because dimmers are “listening” to DMX they need to know what DMX values to listen for. The starting address tells the dimmer to start listening to a specific series of values.

The starting address is usually set sequentially from one device to the next. For example, the first dimmer in your chain would be assigned starting address 1. If that dimmer had 4 channels then the second dimmer would have a starting address of 5 and so on. While numbering sequentially is convenient it is not required. In fact you can give any dimmer any starting address you choose. This is handy when you have two dimmers in different physical locations but want to control them as if they are one. For example, you have a long string of rope lights but you have them plugged into two different 4-channel dimmers. What you want to happen is when you turn on channel 1 you want channel 1 on both dimmers to turn on, making it look like one continuous string. Easy, make the starting address of both dimmers 1. Then when channels 1-4 are controlled both dimmers will respond in the same way.

Starting addresses are assigned by several methods. Most dimmers have address wheels or dipswitches. Address wheels are easy to use; if you want a starting address of 1 you set the wheels to “001.” However most inexpensive dimmers use dipswitches. Dipswitches are a little more difficult because each switch represents a binary value. See the owner’s manual or side of the dimmer for details on how to set the switches.

===DMX output===

Once you have connected and addressed all your dimmers you are ready to send DMX to them. We are going to assume that you are using Vixen for this article. Vixen currently supports DMX out via a USB-to-DMX dongle. Currently Vixen supports the [http://www.enttec.com/index.php?menu=Products&prod=70303&show=description&name=opendmxusb Open DMX USB Interface] and the [http://www.enttec.com/index.php?main_menu=Products&prod=70304&show=description&name=dmxusbpro USB DMX PRO]. There are three different ways to obtain these devices. The first way is by purchasing them fully assembled from Enttec or via Ebay.

For the do it yourselfer you can purchase just a bare PCB from Enttec for the Open, order the parts from an electronics reseller, and assemble the device yourself. Or you can obtain the parts, create the PCB, and assemble it yourself based with the schematic provided by Enttec on their website in downloads. While buying the PCB from Enttec may be convenient you need to be sure that, you are capable of soldering fine-pitch surface mount chips.

If you are not comfortable with that level of soldering then your final option is to create one yourself from Enttec’s schematic. To make this process easier I suggest you purchase [http://www.dlpdesign.com/usb/usb232.shtml DLP-USB232M USB Adapter] from DLP Design. This eliminates all the fine pitch soldering; all that needs to be added at that point is the 75176 transceiver, some resistors, and a LED. (basically all the DMX specific circuitry) NOTE: The author of this article chose this method and it works well.

Once the dongle has arrived or is complete, you need to install the [http://www.enttec.com/dmx_usb/d2xx_setup.exe FTDI drivers] prior to using it with Vixen.

===Vixen Setup===

Once the device is connected and the driver has been installed you can set Vixen up to output DMX to your dimmers. There are two parts to DMX transmission in Vixen – one part is the DMX-512 plug-in and the other is the DMX Add-in. The plug-in is the same as any other plug-in when using vixen. It needs to be added to the sequence and/or program you have created for the values to be sent to the dimmers.

Each channel in Vixen represents a channel in the DMX universe. Each channel on Vixen can vary from 0-100% intensity, which then controls the brightness of the lights connected to the DMX dimmer at that individual channel. If you wish to more precisely control the intensity of the lights, or if you want to use intelligent lighting fixtures or other effects such as lasers, you may wish to switch Vixen to the "actual intensity levels" mode instead of percentage mode by clicking the # button on the toolbar (available in Vixen 2.0 and up). This change is needed because Vixen automatically converts a percentage of brightness (such as 50%) to the DMX equivalent (50% brightness would be a DMX value of 128); some DMX fixtures need precise values, not an estimated value based on percentage. (For example, a DMX color changer may need an actual value of 1 to make red, 2 to make green, and 3 to make blue. It is necessary to use actual values, because the percentages will not match up, therefore making it impossible to accurately control the color.)

The DMX Add-in (not plug-in) has a different purpose: it is used to start and stop streaming DMX when Vixen is opened or closed. This streaming option can be found under ADD-INS, DMX. This add-in exists because DMX by design is a streaming protocol. DMX devices expect to see information streamed to them all the times, if they loss the stream they will automatically turn off. While this may not be an issue when creating or testing sequences, it becomes a major issue when running a program with multiple sequences. If this add-in is not enabled you will see a noticeable flicker between sequences within in your program. This is because DMX does not stream between sequences with this plug-in disabled.

The DMX Add-in should only be enabled when using an [http://www.enttec.com/index.php?main_menu=Products&prod=70303&show=description&name=opendmxusb Enttec Open DMX USB dongle] (or clone); "intelligent" dongles – such as the Enttec DMX USB Pro dongle, the [http://diylightanimation.com/index.php?board=7.0 Lynx DMX dongle], the [http://shop.martinxmas.com/product.php?id_product=10 RPM dongle] or the [[USB2DMX]] (Yada) dongle – handle their own streaming of DMX data on-board (don't rely on PC) so you should not enable the DMX add-in (enabling this add-in '''WILL''' causes problems with dongles other than the OpenDMX).

===Start Programming===

That’s it, you are now controlling your DMX dimmers, snow machines, strobes, and more, all via Vixen. Happy DMXing!

==Going Beyond==

If you do the math based on my above example you will notice that if you adhere to the 32 device limit and use 4-channel dimmers you can only get 128 channels total. There is a way around this issue.

The 32 device limit is not a DMX limitation it is a limitation of the RS-485 transceivers. The older 75176 set a limit of 32 devices because beyond that point the data traveling down the line would start to deteriorate. Newer transceivers have published a limit of 128 devices. While this does solve the problem, most manufacturers use the older 75176.

To get around this hardware limit you need to introduce another piece of equipment. It is called an opto-splitter (also called repeater, splitter, booster); this device takes a single DMX-in and retransmits it to multiple DMX-outs (like a network hub). Let’s assume the opto-splitter has 5 DMX-outs. Each output of the opto-splitter can have up to 32 devices connected that’s a total of 160 devices all controlled from the same DMX source.

Opto-splitters have a second purpose; they allow you to send DMX to different locations. Let’s assume you have dimmers in the yard and dimmers on your roof. You could daisy chain all of them together or you could use an opto-splitter. Then you would have one DMX run going to the yard and all the yard dimmers would be daisy chained together. A second DMX run would go to the roof and all of those dimmers would be daisy chained together. Opto-splitters are available from any theatrical supplier; you won’t find them at your local music store. This is somewhat of a specialty item because most bands and DJs don’t generally go beyond the 32 device limit or need multiple runs of DMX from a single source. However, in a theater you regularly go beyond the 32 device limit or need DMX in different locations in the facility.

A new opto-splitter is extremely expensive! A one-in five-out splitter will cost about $800. However, they are inexpensive to make about $10-30 worth of parts. Whether you purchase or build, a good opto-splitter needs to have a couple of things. All of the outputs should be electrically isolated from the input and from each other via optical couplers. You also want to make sure that each output has its own transceiver and power supply. These things will protect your expensive equipment from electrical damage.

[http://www.chauvetlighting.com/fixtures/dmxsplitter_fix.shtml Premade inexpensive opto-splitter]

==Fun Stuff Controlled by DMX==

[http://www.dfd.com/fun.html Doug Fleenor Design]

==Links==

[http://www.dovesystems.com/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=30 DMX for Dummies]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Multiplex DMX from Wikipedia]

[http://www.dfd.com/whyterm.html Why terminate?]

[http://www.dfd.com/primer.html DMX-512 Primer (good read)]

[http://www.dmx512-online.com Ujjal's DMX512 Website]

[http://www.erwinrol.com/index.php?stagecraft/dmx.php DMX Protocol/Packet information]

[http://www.epanorama.net/links/lights.html Tons of Lighting links!]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_lighting Basics of Stage Lighting]

[http://www.erwinrol.com/index.php?stagecraft/dmx.php DMX Packet and Timing]

DMX

2010-09-11T00:42:04Z

Dmcole: /* Vixen Setup */

If you do not possess the required electronics knowledge to create a controller from scratch or do not the have the funds to buy a commercial system but want to create your own display there is another option. You can purchase off-the-shelf ready-to-use dimmers that are controlled by DMX. With Vixen's DMX plug-in creating a display is as easy as buying DMX controlled dimmers from a local music store, and plugging in a USB-to-DMX dongle to your PC. Now you have a complete system ready to be programmed and impress your neighbors.

==What is DMX?==

DMX (Digital Multiplexing) is a communications protocol created by the theatrical lighting industry to control stage lighting. DMX controls everything from dimmers to moving lights and has been the standard for lighting control for over two decades.

[http://www.dovesystems.com/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=30 DMX for Dummies is a must read if you are new to DMX]

==Why DMX?==

DMX is very robust and stable in harsh environments. DMX also allows you to control 512 dimmable channels and up to 32 devices all from one cable.

In addition, because DMX is sent via RS-485/422 hardware it can travel up to 1500 meters (~4921 feet). Finally, because DMX is the worldwide lighting communications standard you can purchase any brand of DMX dimmers, connect them and be dimming within minutes.

"Dimmers" are a type of control box that allows a person to plug in multiple lights (or strings of lights) and control their intensity using DMX. Each dimmer normally supports four separate channels, each channel capable of being set to a certain brightness.

In addition to dimmers, DMX is a great option if you want to have other lighting effects in your display. DMX can be used to control DMX-capable moving lights, color changers, lasers, LED light bars and spot lights, fog machines, snow machines, and more.

==Where can I get DMX controlled equipment?==
===Buying===

Because DMX has been around so long DMX controlled devices can be purchased through a number of different local and online sources. Locally most music stores sell DMX dimmers and effects to bands and DJ's. [http://www.guitarcenter.com Guitar Center] is an example of a national chain that sells inexpensive dimmers and effects. In addition, most major cities have theatrical supply dealers that sell dimmers and effects. Generally, the products they carry are of a higher quality and will be more expensive. As for online sources, [http://www.ebay.com EBay] is an excellent source for used DMX equipment.

NOTE: When shopping for equipment make sure it can be controlled by DMX. There are a number of manufacturers that use their own proprietary protocol and require converters to gain DMX control.

===Renting===

You don’t have to buy equipment. Because DMX is a standard protocol in the theater industry, you can actually rent equipment. A theatrical rental house will rent dimmers, moving lights, cables, fixtures, and other effects at a weekly rate. Check your yellow pages.

NOTE: The theater industry uses different style of power connector called stage-pin. Your home and Christmas lights have what is called an Edison connector. Also higher channel count dimmers (usually 12 and above) generally have what’s called cam-locs for power inputs. These dimmers are generally hardwired into an electrical service panel with "tails." Keep these things in mind if you rent dimmers or fixtures!

==Specifications==

Channels:512 (all dimmable)

Devices:32

Topology: daisy chain

Transmission: RS-485/422

Speed: 250kbit/sec

Distance: 1500 meters (~4921 feet)

Connector: 5-pin or 3-pin XLR

Pinout: 1-Common, 2-Data Minus, 3-Data Plus, 4-Not Connected, 5-Not Connected

==Setup==
===Connecting Devices===

DMX connects devices to each other via a daisy-chain topology, which means that each new device is connected to the last in one long chain (also called a universe). A device can be anything from a dimmer pack to a moving light as long as it can receive DMX. For this article we will assume the device is a dimmer pack (dimmer).

Generally, there is a DMX-In and a DMX-Out on each dimmer. The DMX-Out from the previous dimmer connects to the DMX-In of the new dimmer. You can chain a maximum of 32 dimmers together on one run (universe). The DMX standard dictates that all DMX output connectors should be female XLRs and all input connectors should be male XLRs. While not part of the DMX standard some DIY and permanent installation equipment uses RJ45 connectors.

These are the typical and most common pin-outs.

[[Image:DMX pinsRev2.gif]]

NOTE: "Pixels" in the table refers to a DIY project that can be found [http://www.response-box.com/rgblights/index.shtml here].

At the last dimmer, a terminator needs to be connected to the output XLR. This terminator eliminates any electrical reflections on the line that may cause your dimmers to flicker or act unreliably. A terminator is just a male XLR with a 120-ohm resistor soldered between pins 2 and 3. You can purchase them preassembled or make one yourself.

[http://www.dmx512.com/web/light/dmx512/diy/term/term.htm 5-pin DIY terminator]

[http://people.bath.ac.uk/su2bc/infoguides/lighting/dmx/dmxcabling.shtml 3-Pin DIY terminator]

[http://www.dfd.com/dmxbasic.html DMX Cabling Basics]

===Notes about Connectors and Cables===

While many of the inexpensive dimmers use a 3-pin XLR, using a mic cable to connect your dimmers together is ''highly'' discouraged. Mic cables have electrical properties that are great for audio transmission but damage the DMX data transmission. Always purchase cable specifically designed for DMX, while it is more expensive it will ensure reliable communications between your dimmers.

In addition some manufacturers swap Data Minus and Data Plus on the 3-pin XLR connector. Refer to the user manual for the proper pinout for dimmer pack.

===Addressing Devices===

Once of the dimmers are connected to one another they need to be addressed. All dimmers come with some capacity to specify a starting address. Because dimmers are “listening” to DMX they need to know what DMX values to listen for. The starting address tells the dimmer to start listening to a specific series of values.

The starting address is usually set sequentially from one device to the next. For example, the first dimmer in your chain would be assigned starting address 1. If that dimmer had 4 channels then the second dimmer would have a starting address of 5 and so on. While numbering sequentially is convenient it is not required. In fact you can give any dimmer any starting address you choose. This is handy when you have two dimmers in different physical locations but want to control them as if they are one. For example, you have a long string of rope lights but you have them plugged into two different 4-channel dimmers. What you want to happen is when you turn on channel 1 you want channel 1 on both dimmers to turn on, making it look like one continuous string. Easy, make the starting address of both dimmers 1. Then when channels 1-4 are controlled both dimmers will respond in the same way.

Starting addresses are assigned by several methods. Most dimmers have address wheels or dipswitches. Address wheels are easy to use; if you want a starting address of 1 you set the wheels to “001.” However most inexpensive dimmers use dipswitches. Dipswitches are a little more difficult because each switch represents a binary value. See the owner’s manual or side of the dimmer for details on how to set the switches.

===DMX output===

Once you have connected and addressed all your dimmers you are ready to send DMX to them. We are going to assume that you are using Vixen for this article. Vixen currently supports DMX out via a USB-to-DMX dongle. Currently Vixen supports the [http://www.enttec.com/index.php?menu=Products&prod=70303&show=description&name=opendmxusb Open DMX USB Interface] and the [http://www.enttec.com/index.php?main_menu=Products&prod=70304&show=description&name=dmxusbpro USB DMX PRO]. There are three different ways to obtain these devices. The first way is by purchasing them fully assembled from Enttec or via Ebay.

For the do it yourselfer you can purchase just a bare PCB from Enttec for the Open, order the parts from an electronics reseller, and assemble the device yourself. Or you can obtain the parts, create the PCB, and assemble it yourself based with the schematic provided by Enttec on their website in downloads. While buying the PCB from Enttec may be convenient you need to be sure that, you are capable of soldering fine-pitch surface mount chips.

If you are not comfortable with that level of soldering then your final option is to create one yourself from Enttec’s schematic. To make this process easier I suggest you purchase [http://www.dlpdesign.com/usb/usb232.shtml DLP-USB232M USB Adapter] from DLP Design. This eliminates all the fine pitch soldering; all that needs to be added at that point is the 75176 transceiver, some resistors, and a LED. (basically all the DMX specific circuitry) NOTE: The author of this article chose this method and it works well.

Once the dongle has arrived or is complete, you need to install the [http://www.enttec.com/dmx_usb/d2xx_setup.exe FTDI drivers] prior to using it with Vixen.

===Vixen Setup===

Once the device is connected and the driver has been installed you can set Vixen up to output DMX to your dimmers. There are two parts to DMX transmission in Vixen – one part is the DMX-512 plug-in and the other is the DMX Add-in. The plug-in is the same as any other plug-in when using vixen. It needs to be added to the sequence and/or program you have created for the values to be sent to the dimmers.

Each channel in Vixen represents a channel in the DMX universe. Each channel on Vixen can vary from 0-100% intensity, which then controls the brightness of the lights connected to the DMX dimmer at that individual channel. If you wish to more precisely control the intensity of the lights, or if you want to use intelligent lighting fixtures or other effects such as lasers, you may wish to switch Vixen to the "actual intensity levels" mode instead of percentage mode by clicking the # button on the toolbar (available in Vixen 2.0 and up). This change is needed because Vixen automatically converts a percentage of brightness (such as 50%) to the DMX equivalent (50% brightness would be a DMX value of 128); some DMX fixtures need precise values, not an estimated value based on percentage. (For example, a DMX color changer may need an actual value of 1 to make red, 2 to make green, and 3 to make blue. It is necessary to use actual values, because the percentages will not match up, therefore making it impossible to accurately control the color.)

The DMX Add-in (not plug-in) has a different purpose: it is used to start and stop streaming DMX when Vixen is opened or closed. This streaming option can be found under ADD-INS, DMX. This add-in exists because DMX by design is a streaming protocol. DMX devices expect to see information streamed to them all the times, if they loss the stream they will automatically turn off. While this may not be an issue when creating or testing sequences, it becomes a major issue when running a program with multiple sequences. If this add-in is not enabled you will see a noticeable flicker between sequences within in your program. This is because DMX does not stream between sequences with this plug-in disabled.

The DMX Add-in should only be enabled when using a [http://www.enttec.com/index.php?main_menu=Products&prod=70303&show=description&name=opendmxusb Enttec Open DMX USB dongle] (or clone); "intelligent" dongles – such as the Enttec DMX USB Pro dongle, the [http://diylightanimation.com/index.php?board=7.0 Lynx DMX dongle], the [http://shop.martinxmas.com/product.php?id_product=10 RPM dongle] or the [[USB2DMX]] (Yada) dongle – handle their own streaming of DMX data on-board (don't rely on PC) so you should not enable the DMX add-in (enabling this add-in '''WILL''' causes problems with dongles other than the OpenDMX).

===Start Programming===

That’s it, you are now controlling your DMX dimmers, snow machines, strobes, and more, all via Vixen. Happy DMXing!

==Going Beyond==

If you do the math based on my above example you will notice that if you adhere to the 32 device limit and use 4-channel dimmers you can only get 128 channels total. There is a way around this issue.

The 32 device limit is not a DMX limitation it is a limitation of the RS-485 transceivers. The older 75176 set a limit of 32 devices because beyond that point the data traveling down the line would start to deteriorate. Newer transceivers have published a limit of 128 devices. While this does solve the problem, most manufacturers use the older 75176.

To get around this hardware limit you need to introduce another piece of equipment. It is called an opto-splitter (also called repeater, splitter, booster); this device takes a single DMX-in and retransmits it to multiple DMX-outs (like a network hub). Let’s assume the opto-splitter has 5 DMX-outs. Each output of the opto-splitter can have up to 32 devices connected that’s a total of 160 devices all controlled from the same DMX source.

Opto-splitters have a second purpose; they allow you to send DMX to different locations. Let’s assume you have dimmers in the yard and dimmers on your roof. You could daisy chain all of them together or you could use an opto-splitter. Then you would have one DMX run going to the yard and all the yard dimmers would be daisy chained together. A second DMX run would go to the roof and all of those dimmers would be daisy chained together. Opto-splitters are available from any theatrical supplier; you won’t find them at your local music store. This is somewhat of a specialty item because most bands and DJs don’t generally go beyond the 32 device limit or need multiple runs of DMX from a single source. However, in a theater you regularly go beyond the 32 device limit or need DMX in different locations in the facility.

A new opto-splitter is extremely expensive! A one-in five-out splitter will cost about $800. However, they are inexpensive to make about $10-30 worth of parts. Whether you purchase or build, a good opto-splitter needs to have a couple of things. All of the outputs should be electrically isolated from the input and from each other via optical couplers. You also want to make sure that each output has its own transceiver and power supply. These things will protect your expensive equipment from electrical damage.

[http://www.chauvetlighting.com/fixtures/dmxsplitter_fix.shtml Premade inexpensive opto-splitter]

==Fun Stuff Controlled by DMX==

[http://www.dfd.com/fun.html Doug Fleenor Design]

==Links==

[http://www.dovesystems.com/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=30 DMX for Dummies]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Multiplex DMX from Wikipedia]

[http://www.dfd.com/whyterm.html Why terminate?]

[http://www.dfd.com/primer.html DMX-512 Primer (good read)]

[http://www.dmx512-online.com Ujjal's DMX512 Website]

[http://www.erwinrol.com/index.php?stagecraft/dmx.php DMX Protocol/Packet information]

[http://www.epanorama.net/links/lights.html Tons of Lighting links!]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_lighting Basics of Stage Lighting]

[http://www.erwinrol.com/index.php?stagecraft/dmx.php DMX Packet and Timing]

DMX

2010-09-10T16:30:13Z

Dmcole: /* Vixen Setup */

If you do not possess the required electronics knowledge to create a controller from scratch or do not the have the funds to buy a commercial system but want to create your own display there is another option. You can purchase off-the-shelf ready-to-use dimmers that are controlled by DMX. With Vixen's DMX plug-in creating a display is as easy as buying DMX controlled dimmers from a local music store, and plugging in a USB-to-DMX dongle to your PC. Now you have a complete system ready to be programmed and impress your neighbors.

==What is DMX?==

DMX (Digital Multiplexing) is a communications protocol created by the theatrical lighting industry to control stage lighting. DMX controls everything from dimmers to moving lights and has been the standard for lighting control for over two decades.

[http://www.dovesystems.com/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=30 DMX for Dummies is a must read if you are new to DMX]

==Why DMX?==

DMX is very robust and stable in harsh environments. DMX also allows you to control 512 dimmable channels and up to 32 devices all from one cable.

In addition, because DMX is sent via RS-485/422 hardware it can travel up to 1500 meters (~4921 feet). Finally, because DMX is the worldwide lighting communications standard you can purchase any brand of DMX dimmers, connect them and be dimming within minutes.

"Dimmers" are a type of control box that allows a person to plug in multiple lights (or strings of lights) and control their intensity using DMX. Each dimmer normally supports four separate channels, each channel capable of being set to a certain brightness.

In addition to dimmers, DMX is a great option if you want to have other lighting effects in your display. DMX can be used to control DMX-capable moving lights, color changers, lasers, LED light bars and spot lights, fog machines, snow machines, and more.

==Where can I get DMX controlled equipment?==
===Buying===

Because DMX has been around so long DMX controlled devices can be purchased through a number of different local and online sources. Locally most music stores sell DMX dimmers and effects to bands and DJ's. [http://www.guitarcenter.com Guitar Center] is an example of a national chain that sells inexpensive dimmers and effects. In addition, most major cities have theatrical supply dealers that sell dimmers and effects. Generally, the products they carry are of a higher quality and will be more expensive. As for online sources, [http://www.ebay.com EBay] is an excellent source for used DMX equipment.

NOTE: When shopping for equipment make sure it can be controlled by DMX. There are a number of manufacturers that use their own proprietary protocol and require converters to gain DMX control.

===Renting===

You don’t have to buy equipment. Because DMX is a standard protocol in the theater industry, you can actually rent equipment. A theatrical rental house will rent dimmers, moving lights, cables, fixtures, and other effects at a weekly rate. Check your yellow pages.

NOTE: The theater industry uses different style of power connector called stage-pin. Your home and Christmas lights have what is called an Edison connector. Also higher channel count dimmers (usually 12 and above) generally have what’s called cam-locs for power inputs. These dimmers are generally hardwired into an electrical service panel with "tails." Keep these things in mind if you rent dimmers or fixtures!

==Specifications==

Channels:512 (all dimmable)

Devices:32

Topology: daisy chain

Transmission: RS-485/422

Speed: 250kbit/sec

Distance: 1500 meters (~4921 feet)

Connector: 5-pin or 3-pin XLR

Pinout: 1-Common, 2-Data Minus, 3-Data Plus, 4-Not Connected, 5-Not Connected

==Setup==
===Connecting Devices===

DMX connects devices to each other via a daisy-chain topology, which means that each new device is connected to the last in one long chain (also called a universe). A device can be anything from a dimmer pack to a moving light as long as it can receive DMX. For this article we will assume the device is a dimmer pack (dimmer).

Generally, there is a DMX-In and a DMX-Out on each dimmer. The DMX-Out from the previous dimmer connects to the DMX-In of the new dimmer. You can chain a maximum of 32 dimmers together on one run (universe). The DMX standard dictates that all DMX output connectors should be female XLRs and all input connectors should be male XLRs. While not part of the DMX standard some DIY and permanent installation equipment uses RJ45 connectors.

These are the typical and most common pin-outs.

[[Image:DMX pinsRev2.gif]]

NOTE: "Pixels" in the table refers to a DIY project that can be found [http://www.response-box.com/rgblights/index.shtml here].

At the last dimmer, a terminator needs to be connected to the output XLR. This terminator eliminates any electrical reflections on the line that may cause your dimmers to flicker or act unreliably. A terminator is just a male XLR with a 120-ohm resistor soldered between pins 2 and 3. You can purchase them preassembled or make one yourself.

[http://www.dmx512.com/web/light/dmx512/diy/term/term.htm 5-pin DIY terminator]

[http://people.bath.ac.uk/su2bc/infoguides/lighting/dmx/dmxcabling.shtml 3-Pin DIY terminator]

[http://www.dfd.com/dmxbasic.html DMX Cabling Basics]

===Notes about Connectors and Cables===

While many of the inexpensive dimmers use a 3-pin XLR, using a mic cable to connect your dimmers together is ''highly'' discouraged. Mic cables have electrical properties that are great for audio transmission but damage the DMX data transmission. Always purchase cable specifically designed for DMX, while it is more expensive it will ensure reliable communications between your dimmers.

In addition some manufacturers swap Data Minus and Data Plus on the 3-pin XLR connector. Refer to the user manual for the proper pinout for dimmer pack.

===Addressing Devices===

Once of the dimmers are connected to one another they need to be addressed. All dimmers come with some capacity to specify a starting address. Because dimmers are “listening” to DMX they need to know what DMX values to listen for. The starting address tells the dimmer to start listening to a specific series of values.

The starting address is usually set sequentially from one device to the next. For example, the first dimmer in your chain would be assigned starting address 1. If that dimmer had 4 channels then the second dimmer would have a starting address of 5 and so on. While numbering sequentially is convenient it is not required. In fact you can give any dimmer any starting address you choose. This is handy when you have two dimmers in different physical locations but want to control them as if they are one. For example, you have a long string of rope lights but you have them plugged into two different 4-channel dimmers. What you want to happen is when you turn on channel 1 you want channel 1 on both dimmers to turn on, making it look like one continuous string. Easy, make the starting address of both dimmers 1. Then when channels 1-4 are controlled both dimmers will respond in the same way.

Starting addresses are assigned by several methods. Most dimmers have address wheels or dipswitches. Address wheels are easy to use; if you want a starting address of 1 you set the wheels to “001.” However most inexpensive dimmers use dipswitches. Dipswitches are a little more difficult because each switch represents a binary value. See the owner’s manual or side of the dimmer for details on how to set the switches.

===DMX output===

Once you have connected and addressed all your dimmers you are ready to send DMX to them. We are going to assume that you are using Vixen for this article. Vixen currently supports DMX out via a USB-to-DMX dongle. Currently Vixen supports the [http://www.enttec.com/index.php?menu=Products&prod=70303&show=description&name=opendmxusb Open DMX USB Interface] and the [http://www.enttec.com/index.php?main_menu=Products&prod=70304&show=description&name=dmxusbpro USB DMX PRO]. There are three different ways to obtain these devices. The first way is by purchasing them fully assembled from Enttec or via Ebay.

For the do it yourselfer you can purchase just a bare PCB from Enttec for the Open, order the parts from an electronics reseller, and assemble the device yourself. Or you can obtain the parts, create the PCB, and assemble it yourself based with the schematic provided by Enttec on their website in downloads. While buying the PCB from Enttec may be convenient you need to be sure that, you are capable of soldering fine-pitch surface mount chips.

If you are not comfortable with that level of soldering then your final option is to create one yourself from Enttec’s schematic. To make this process easier I suggest you purchase [http://www.dlpdesign.com/usb/usb232.shtml DLP-USB232M USB Adapter] from DLP Design. This eliminates all the fine pitch soldering; all that needs to be added at that point is the 75176 transceiver, some resistors, and a LED. (basically all the DMX specific circuitry) NOTE: The author of this article chose this method and it works well.

Once the dongle has arrived or is complete, you need to install the [http://www.enttec.com/dmx_usb/d2xx_setup.exe FTDI drivers] prior to using it with Vixen.

===Vixen Setup===

Once the device is connected and the driver has been installed you can set Vixen up to output DMX to your dimmers. There are two parts to DMX transmission in Vixen – one part is the DMX-512 plug-in and the other is the DMX Add-in. The plug-in is the same as any other plug-in when using vixen. It needs to be added to the sequence and/or program you have created for the values to be sent to the dimmers.

Each channel in Vixen represents a channel in the DMX universe. Each channel on Vixen can vary from 0-100% intensity, which then controls the brightness of the lights connected to the DMX dimmer at that individual channel. If you wish to more precisely control the intensity of the lights, or if you want to use intelligent lighting fixtures or other effects such as lasers, you may wish to switch Vixen to the "actual intensity levels" mode instead of percentage mode by clicking the # button on the toolbar (available in Vixen 2.0 and up). This change is needed because Vixen automatically converts a percentage of brightness (such as 50%) to the DMX equivalent (50% brightness would be a DMX value of 128); some DMX fixtures need precise values, not an estimated value based on percentage. (For example, a DMX color changer may need an actual value of 1 to make red, 2 to make green, and 3 to make blue. It is necessary to use actual values, because the percentages will not match up, therefore making it impossible to accurately control the color.)

The DMX Add-in (not plug-in) has a different purpose: it is used to start and stop streaming DMX when Vixen is opened or closed. This streaming option can be found under ADD-INS, DMX. This add-in exists because DMX by design is a streaming protocol. DMX devices expect to see information streamed to them all the times, if they loss the stream they will automatically turn off. While this may not be an issue when creating or testing sequences, it becomes a major issue when running a program with multiple sequences. If this add-in is not enabled you will see a noticeable flicker between sequences within in your program. This is because DMX does not stream between sequences with this plug-in disabled.

The DMX Add-in should only be enabled when using a [http://www.enttec.com/index.php?main_menu=Products&prod=70303&show=description&name=opendmxusb Enttec Open DMX USB dongle] (or clone); "intelligent" dongles – such as the Enttec DMX USB Pro dongle. The [http://diylightanimation.com/index.php?board=7.0 Lynx DMX dongle], the [http://shop.martinxmas.com/product.php?id_product=10 RPM dongle] or the [[USB2DMX]] (Yada) dongle – handle their own streaming of DMX data on-board (don't rely on PC) so you should not enable the DMX add-in (there have been reports that enabling this add-in causes problems with dongles that are not the OpenDMX).

===Start Programming===

That’s it, you are now controlling your DMX dimmers, snow machines, strobes, and more, all via Vixen. Happy DMXing!

==Going Beyond==

If you do the math based on my above example you will notice that if you adhere to the 32 device limit and use 4-channel dimmers you can only get 128 channels total. There is a way around this issue.

The 32 device limit is not a DMX limitation it is a limitation of the RS-485 transceivers. The older 75176 set a limit of 32 devices because beyond that point the data traveling down the line would start to deteriorate. Newer transceivers have published a limit of 128 devices. While this does solve the problem, most manufacturers use the older 75176.

To get around this hardware limit you need to introduce another piece of equipment. It is called an opto-splitter (also called repeater, splitter, booster); this device takes a single DMX-in and retransmits it to multiple DMX-outs (like a network hub). Let’s assume the opto-splitter has 5 DMX-outs. Each output of the opto-splitter can have up to 32 devices connected that’s a total of 160 devices all controlled from the same DMX source.

Opto-splitters have a second purpose; they allow you to send DMX to different locations. Let’s assume you have dimmers in the yard and dimmers on your roof. You could daisy chain all of them together or you could use an opto-splitter. Then you would have one DMX run going to the yard and all the yard dimmers would be daisy chained together. A second DMX run would go to the roof and all of those dimmers would be daisy chained together. Opto-splitters are available from any theatrical supplier; you won’t find them at your local music store. This is somewhat of a specialty item because most bands and DJs don’t generally go beyond the 32 device limit or need multiple runs of DMX from a single source. However, in a theater you regularly go beyond the 32 device limit or need DMX in different locations in the facility.

A new opto-splitter is extremely expensive! A one-in five-out splitter will cost about $800. However, they are inexpensive to make about $10-30 worth of parts. Whether you purchase or build, a good opto-splitter needs to have a couple of things. All of the outputs should be electrically isolated from the input and from each other via optical couplers. You also want to make sure that each output has its own transceiver and power supply. These things will protect your expensive equipment from electrical damage.

[http://www.chauvetlighting.com/fixtures/dmxsplitter_fix.shtml Premade inexpensive opto-splitter]

==Fun Stuff Controlled by DMX==

[http://www.dfd.com/fun.html Doug Fleenor Design]

==Links==

[http://www.dovesystems.com/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=30 DMX for Dummies]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Multiplex DMX from Wikipedia]

[http://www.dfd.com/whyterm.html Why terminate?]

[http://www.dfd.com/primer.html DMX-512 Primer (good read)]

[http://www.dmx512-online.com Ujjal's DMX512 Website]

[http://www.erwinrol.com/index.php?stagecraft/dmx.php DMX Protocol/Packet information]

[http://www.epanorama.net/links/lights.html Tons of Lighting links!]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_lighting Basics of Stage Lighting]

[http://www.erwinrol.com/index.php?stagecraft/dmx.php DMX Packet and Timing]

DMX

2010-09-09T23:17:52Z

Dmcole: /* Vixen Setup */

If you do not possess the required electronics knowledge to create a controller from scratch or do not the have the funds to buy a commercial system but want to create your own display there is another option. You can purchase off-the-shelf ready-to-use dimmers that are controlled by DMX. With Vixen's DMX plug-in creating a display is as easy as buying DMX controlled dimmers from a local music store, and plugging in a USB-to-DMX dongle to your PC. Now you have a complete system ready to be programmed and impress your neighbors.

==What is DMX?==

DMX (Digital Multiplexing) is a communications protocol created by the theatrical lighting industry to control stage lighting. DMX controls everything from dimmers to moving lights and has been the standard for lighting control for over two decades.

[http://www.dovesystems.com/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=30 DMX for Dummies is a must read if you are new to DMX]

==Why DMX?==

DMX is very robust and stable in harsh environments. DMX also allows you to control 512 dimmable channels and up to 32 devices all from one cable.

In addition, because DMX is sent via RS-485/422 hardware it can travel up to 1500 meters (~4921 feet). Finally, because DMX is the worldwide lighting communications standard you can purchase any brand of DMX dimmers, connect them and be dimming within minutes.

"Dimmers" are a type of control box that allows a person to plug in multiple lights (or strings of lights) and control their intensity using DMX. Each dimmer normally supports four separate channels, each channel capable of being set to a certain brightness.

In addition to dimmers, DMX is a great option if you want to have other lighting effects in your display. DMX can be used to control DMX-capable moving lights, color changers, lasers, LED light bars and spot lights, fog machines, snow machines, and more.

==Where can I get DMX controlled equipment?==
===Buying===

Because DMX has been around so long DMX controlled devices can be purchased through a number of different local and online sources. Locally most music stores sell DMX dimmers and effects to bands and DJ's. [http://www.guitarcenter.com Guitar Center] is an example of a national chain that sells inexpensive dimmers and effects. In addition, most major cities have theatrical supply dealers that sell dimmers and effects. Generally, the products they carry are of a higher quality and will be more expensive. As for online sources, [http://www.ebay.com EBay] is an excellent source for used DMX equipment.

NOTE: When shopping for equipment make sure it can be controlled by DMX. There are a number of manufacturers that use their own proprietary protocol and require converters to gain DMX control.

===Renting===

You don’t have to buy equipment. Because DMX is a standard protocol in the theater industry, you can actually rent equipment. A theatrical rental house will rent dimmers, moving lights, cables, fixtures, and other effects at a weekly rate. Check your yellow pages.

NOTE: The theater industry uses different style of power connector called stage-pin. Your home and Christmas lights have what is called an Edison connector. Also higher channel count dimmers (usually 12 and above) generally have what’s called cam-locs for power inputs. These dimmers are generally hardwired into an electrical service panel with "tails." Keep these things in mind if you rent dimmers or fixtures!

==Specifications==

Channels:512 (all dimmable)

Devices:32

Topology: daisy chain

Transmission: RS-485/422

Speed: 250kbit/sec

Distance: 1500 meters (~4921 feet)

Connector: 5-pin or 3-pin XLR

Pinout: 1-Common, 2-Data Minus, 3-Data Plus, 4-Not Connected, 5-Not Connected

==Setup==
===Connecting Devices===

DMX connects devices to each other via a daisy-chain topology, which means that each new device is connected to the last in one long chain (also called a universe). A device can be anything from a dimmer pack to a moving light as long as it can receive DMX. For this article we will assume the device is a dimmer pack (dimmer).

Generally, there is a DMX-In and a DMX-Out on each dimmer. The DMX-Out from the previous dimmer connects to the DMX-In of the new dimmer. You can chain a maximum of 32 dimmers together on one run (universe). The DMX standard dictates that all DMX output connectors should be female XLRs and all input connectors should be male XLRs. While not part of the DMX standard some DIY and permanent installation equipment uses RJ45 connectors.

These are the typical and most common pin-outs.

[[Image:DMX pinsRev2.gif]]

NOTE: "Pixels" in the table refers to a DIY project that can be found [http://www.response-box.com/rgblights/index.shtml here].

At the last dimmer, a terminator needs to be connected to the output XLR. This terminator eliminates any electrical reflections on the line that may cause your dimmers to flicker or act unreliably. A terminator is just a male XLR with a 120-ohm resistor soldered between pins 2 and 3. You can purchase them preassembled or make one yourself.

[http://www.dmx512.com/web/light/dmx512/diy/term/term.htm 5-pin DIY terminator]

[http://people.bath.ac.uk/su2bc/infoguides/lighting/dmx/dmxcabling.shtml 3-Pin DIY terminator]

[http://www.dfd.com/dmxbasic.html DMX Cabling Basics]

===Notes about Connectors and Cables===

While many of the inexpensive dimmers use a 3-pin XLR, using a mic cable to connect your dimmers together is ''highly'' discouraged. Mic cables have electrical properties that are great for audio transmission but damage the DMX data transmission. Always purchase cable specifically designed for DMX, while it is more expensive it will ensure reliable communications between your dimmers.

In addition some manufacturers swap Data Minus and Data Plus on the 3-pin XLR connector. Refer to the user manual for the proper pinout for dimmer pack.

===Addressing Devices===

Once of the dimmers are connected to one another they need to be addressed. All dimmers come with some capacity to specify a starting address. Because dimmers are “listening” to DMX they need to know what DMX values to listen for. The starting address tells the dimmer to start listening to a specific series of values.

The starting address is usually set sequentially from one device to the next. For example, the first dimmer in your chain would be assigned starting address 1. If that dimmer had 4 channels then the second dimmer would have a starting address of 5 and so on. While numbering sequentially is convenient it is not required. In fact you can give any dimmer any starting address you choose. This is handy when you have two dimmers in different physical locations but want to control them as if they are one. For example, you have a long string of rope lights but you have them plugged into two different 4-channel dimmers. What you want to happen is when you turn on channel 1 you want channel 1 on both dimmers to turn on, making it look like one continuous string. Easy, make the starting address of both dimmers 1. Then when channels 1-4 are controlled both dimmers will respond in the same way.

Starting addresses are assigned by several methods. Most dimmers have address wheels or dipswitches. Address wheels are easy to use; if you want a starting address of 1 you set the wheels to “001.” However most inexpensive dimmers use dipswitches. Dipswitches are a little more difficult because each switch represents a binary value. See the owner’s manual or side of the dimmer for details on how to set the switches.

===DMX output===

Once you have connected and addressed all your dimmers you are ready to send DMX to them. We are going to assume that you are using Vixen for this article. Vixen currently supports DMX out via a USB-to-DMX dongle. Currently Vixen supports the [http://www.enttec.com/index.php?menu=Products&prod=70303&show=description&name=opendmxusb Open DMX USB Interface] and the [http://www.enttec.com/index.php?main_menu=Products&prod=70304&show=description&name=dmxusbpro USB DMX PRO]. There are three different ways to obtain these devices. The first way is by purchasing them fully assembled from Enttec or via Ebay.

For the do it yourselfer you can purchase just a bare PCB from Enttec for the Open, order the parts from an electronics reseller, and assemble the device yourself. Or you can obtain the parts, create the PCB, and assemble it yourself based with the schematic provided by Enttec on their website in downloads. While buying the PCB from Enttec may be convenient you need to be sure that, you are capable of soldering fine-pitch surface mount chips.

If you are not comfortable with that level of soldering then your final option is to create one yourself from Enttec’s schematic. To make this process easier I suggest you purchase [http://www.dlpdesign.com/usb/usb232.shtml DLP-USB232M USB Adapter] from DLP Design. This eliminates all the fine pitch soldering; all that needs to be added at that point is the 75176 transceiver, some resistors, and a LED. (basically all the DMX specific circuitry) NOTE: The author of this article chose this method and it works well.

Once the dongle has arrived or is complete, you need to install the [http://www.enttec.com/dmx_usb/d2xx_setup.exe FTDI drivers] prior to using it with Vixen.

===Vixen Setup===

Once the device is connected and the driver has been installed you can set Vixen up to output DMX to your dimmers. There are two parts to DMX transmission in Vixen – one part is the DMX-512 plug-in and the other is the DMX Add-in. The plug-in is the same as any other plug-in when using vixen. It needs to be added to the sequence and/or program you have created for the values to be sent to the dimmers.

Each channel in Vixen represents a channel in the DMX universe. Each channel on Vixen can vary from 0-100% intensity, which then controls the brightness of the lights connected to the DMX dimmer at that individual channel. If you wish to more precisely control the intensity of the lights, or if you want to use intelligent lighting fixtures or other effects such as lasers, you may wish to switch Vixen to the "actual intensity levels" mode instead of percentage mode by clicking the # button on the toolbar (available in Vixen 2.0 and up). This change is needed because Vixen automatically converts a percentage of brightness (such as 50%) to the DMX equivalent (50% brightness would be a DMX value of 128); some DMX fixtures need precise values, not an estimated value based on percentage. (For example, a DMX color changer may need an actual value of 1 to make red, 2 to make green, and 3 to make blue. It is necessary to use actual values, because the percentages will not match up, therefore making it impossible to accurately control the color.)

The DMX Add-in (not plug-in) has a different purpose: it is used to start and stop streaming DMX when Vixen is opened or closed. This streaming option can be found under ADD-INS, DMX. This add-in exists because DMX by design is a streaming protocol. DMX devices expect to see information streamed to them all the times, if they loss the stream they will automatically turn off. While this may not be an issue when creating or testing sequences, it becomes a major issue when running a program with multiple sequences. If this add-in is not enabled you will see a noticeable flicker between sequences within in your program. This is because DMX does not stream between sequences with this plug-in disabled.

The DMX Add-in is should be enabled when using a [http://www.enttec.com/index.php?main_menu=Products&prod=70303&show=description&name=opendmxusb Enttec Open DMX USB dongle] (or clone); "intelligent" dongles – such as the Enttec DMX USB Pro dongle, the [http://diylightanimation.com/index.php?board=7.0 Lynx DMX dongle], the [http://shop.martinxmas.com/product.php?id_product=10 RPM dongle] or the [[USB2DMX]] (Yada) dongle – handle their own streaming of DMX data and do not require the add-in to be enabled (and, in fact, enabling the add-in with those dongles causes problems).

===Start Programming===

That’s it, you are now controlling your DMX dimmers, snow machines, strobes, and more, all via Vixen. Happy DMXing!

==Going Beyond==

If you do the math based on my above example you will notice that if you adhere to the 32 device limit and use 4-channel dimmers you can only get 128 channels total. There is a way around this issue.

The 32 device limit is not a DMX limitation it is a limitation of the RS-485 transceivers. The older 75176 set a limit of 32 devices because beyond that point the data traveling down the line would start to deteriorate. Newer transceivers have published a limit of 128 devices. While this does solve the problem, most manufacturers use the older 75176.

To get around this hardware limit you need to introduce another piece of equipment. It is called an opto-splitter (also called repeater, splitter, booster); this device takes a single DMX-in and retransmits it to multiple DMX-outs (like a network hub). Let’s assume the opto-splitter has 5 DMX-outs. Each output of the opto-splitter can have up to 32 devices connected that’s a total of 160 devices all controlled from the same DMX source.

Opto-splitters have a second purpose; they allow you to send DMX to different locations. Let’s assume you have dimmers in the yard and dimmers on your roof. You could daisy chain all of them together or you could use an opto-splitter. Then you would have one DMX run going to the yard and all the yard dimmers would be daisy chained together. A second DMX run would go to the roof and all of those dimmers would be daisy chained together. Opto-splitters are available from any theatrical supplier; you won’t find them at your local music store. This is somewhat of a specialty item because most bands and DJs don’t generally go beyond the 32 device limit or need multiple runs of DMX from a single source. However, in a theater you regularly go beyond the 32 device limit or need DMX in different locations in the facility.

A new opto-splitter is extremely expensive! A one-in five-out splitter will cost about $800. However, they are inexpensive to make about $10-30 worth of parts. Whether you purchase or build, a good opto-splitter needs to have a couple of things. All of the outputs should be electrically isolated from the input and from each other via optical couplers. You also want to make sure that each output has its own transceiver and power supply. These things will protect your expensive equipment from electrical damage.

[http://www.chauvetlighting.com/fixtures/dmxsplitter_fix.shtml Premade inexpensive opto-splitter]

==Fun Stuff Controlled by DMX==

[http://www.dfd.com/fun.html Doug Fleenor Design]

==Links==

[http://www.dovesystems.com/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=30 DMX for Dummies]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Multiplex DMX from Wikipedia]

[http://www.dfd.com/whyterm.html Why terminate?]

[http://www.dfd.com/primer.html DMX-512 Primer (good read)]

[http://www.dmx512-online.com Ujjal's DMX512 Website]

[http://www.erwinrol.com/index.php?stagecraft/dmx.php DMX Protocol/Packet information]

[http://www.epanorama.net/links/lights.html Tons of Lighting links!]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_lighting Basics of Stage Lighting]

[http://www.erwinrol.com/index.php?stagecraft/dmx.php DMX Packet and Timing]

DMX

2010-09-09T23:17:07Z

Dmcole: /* Vixen Setup */ Tinkered with punctuation, edited a few overly long sentences. Added the bit about Add-In only for Open

If you do not possess the required electronics knowledge to create a controller from scratch or do not the have the funds to buy a commercial system but want to create your own display there is another option. You can purchase off-the-shelf ready-to-use dimmers that are controlled by DMX. With Vixen's DMX plug-in creating a display is as easy as buying DMX controlled dimmers from a local music store, and plugging in a USB-to-DMX dongle to your PC. Now you have a complete system ready to be programmed and impress your neighbors.

==What is DMX?==

DMX (Digital Multiplexing) is a communications protocol created by the theatrical lighting industry to control stage lighting. DMX controls everything from dimmers to moving lights and has been the standard for lighting control for over two decades.

[http://www.dovesystems.com/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=30 DMX for Dummies is a must read if you are new to DMX]

==Why DMX?==

DMX is very robust and stable in harsh environments. DMX also allows you to control 512 dimmable channels and up to 32 devices all from one cable.

In addition, because DMX is sent via RS-485/422 hardware it can travel up to 1500 meters (~4921 feet). Finally, because DMX is the worldwide lighting communications standard you can purchase any brand of DMX dimmers, connect them and be dimming within minutes.

"Dimmers" are a type of control box that allows a person to plug in multiple lights (or strings of lights) and control their intensity using DMX. Each dimmer normally supports four separate channels, each channel capable of being set to a certain brightness.

In addition to dimmers, DMX is a great option if you want to have other lighting effects in your display. DMX can be used to control DMX-capable moving lights, color changers, lasers, LED light bars and spot lights, fog machines, snow machines, and more.

==Where can I get DMX controlled equipment?==
===Buying===

Because DMX has been around so long DMX controlled devices can be purchased through a number of different local and online sources. Locally most music stores sell DMX dimmers and effects to bands and DJ's. [http://www.guitarcenter.com Guitar Center] is an example of a national chain that sells inexpensive dimmers and effects. In addition, most major cities have theatrical supply dealers that sell dimmers and effects. Generally, the products they carry are of a higher quality and will be more expensive. As for online sources, [http://www.ebay.com EBay] is an excellent source for used DMX equipment.

NOTE: When shopping for equipment make sure it can be controlled by DMX. There are a number of manufacturers that use their own proprietary protocol and require converters to gain DMX control.

===Renting===

You don’t have to buy equipment. Because DMX is a standard protocol in the theater industry, you can actually rent equipment. A theatrical rental house will rent dimmers, moving lights, cables, fixtures, and other effects at a weekly rate. Check your yellow pages.

NOTE: The theater industry uses different style of power connector called stage-pin. Your home and Christmas lights have what is called an Edison connector. Also higher channel count dimmers (usually 12 and above) generally have what’s called cam-locs for power inputs. These dimmers are generally hardwired into an electrical service panel with "tails." Keep these things in mind if you rent dimmers or fixtures!

==Specifications==

Channels:512 (all dimmable)

Devices:32

Topology: daisy chain

Transmission: RS-485/422

Speed: 250kbit/sec

Distance: 1500 meters (~4921 feet)

Connector: 5-pin or 3-pin XLR

Pinout: 1-Common, 2-Data Minus, 3-Data Plus, 4-Not Connected, 5-Not Connected

==Setup==
===Connecting Devices===

DMX connects devices to each other via a daisy-chain topology, which means that each new device is connected to the last in one long chain (also called a universe). A device can be anything from a dimmer pack to a moving light as long as it can receive DMX. For this article we will assume the device is a dimmer pack (dimmer).

Generally, there is a DMX-In and a DMX-Out on each dimmer. The DMX-Out from the previous dimmer connects to the DMX-In of the new dimmer. You can chain a maximum of 32 dimmers together on one run (universe). The DMX standard dictates that all DMX output connectors should be female XLRs and all input connectors should be male XLRs. While not part of the DMX standard some DIY and permanent installation equipment uses RJ45 connectors.

These are the typical and most common pin-outs.

[[Image:DMX pinsRev2.gif]]

NOTE: "Pixels" in the table refers to a DIY project that can be found [http://www.response-box.com/rgblights/index.shtml here].

At the last dimmer, a terminator needs to be connected to the output XLR. This terminator eliminates any electrical reflections on the line that may cause your dimmers to flicker or act unreliably. A terminator is just a male XLR with a 120-ohm resistor soldered between pins 2 and 3. You can purchase them preassembled or make one yourself.

[http://www.dmx512.com/web/light/dmx512/diy/term/term.htm 5-pin DIY terminator]

[http://people.bath.ac.uk/su2bc/infoguides/lighting/dmx/dmxcabling.shtml 3-Pin DIY terminator]

[http://www.dfd.com/dmxbasic.html DMX Cabling Basics]

===Notes about Connectors and Cables===

While many of the inexpensive dimmers use a 3-pin XLR, using a mic cable to connect your dimmers together is ''highly'' discouraged. Mic cables have electrical properties that are great for audio transmission but damage the DMX data transmission. Always purchase cable specifically designed for DMX, while it is more expensive it will ensure reliable communications between your dimmers.

In addition some manufacturers swap Data Minus and Data Plus on the 3-pin XLR connector. Refer to the user manual for the proper pinout for dimmer pack.

===Addressing Devices===

Once of the dimmers are connected to one another they need to be addressed. All dimmers come with some capacity to specify a starting address. Because dimmers are “listening” to DMX they need to know what DMX values to listen for. The starting address tells the dimmer to start listening to a specific series of values.

The starting address is usually set sequentially from one device to the next. For example, the first dimmer in your chain would be assigned starting address 1. If that dimmer had 4 channels then the second dimmer would have a starting address of 5 and so on. While numbering sequentially is convenient it is not required. In fact you can give any dimmer any starting address you choose. This is handy when you have two dimmers in different physical locations but want to control them as if they are one. For example, you have a long string of rope lights but you have them plugged into two different 4-channel dimmers. What you want to happen is when you turn on channel 1 you want channel 1 on both dimmers to turn on, making it look like one continuous string. Easy, make the starting address of both dimmers 1. Then when channels 1-4 are controlled both dimmers will respond in the same way.

Starting addresses are assigned by several methods. Most dimmers have address wheels or dipswitches. Address wheels are easy to use; if you want a starting address of 1 you set the wheels to “001.” However most inexpensive dimmers use dipswitches. Dipswitches are a little more difficult because each switch represents a binary value. See the owner’s manual or side of the dimmer for details on how to set the switches.

===DMX output===

Once you have connected and addressed all your dimmers you are ready to send DMX to them. We are going to assume that you are using Vixen for this article. Vixen currently supports DMX out via a USB-to-DMX dongle. Currently Vixen supports the [http://www.enttec.com/index.php?menu=Products&prod=70303&show=description&name=opendmxusb Open DMX USB Interface] and the [http://www.enttec.com/index.php?main_menu=Products&prod=70304&show=description&name=dmxusbpro USB DMX PRO]. There are three different ways to obtain these devices. The first way is by purchasing them fully assembled from Enttec or via Ebay.

For the do it yourselfer you can purchase just a bare PCB from Enttec for the Open, order the parts from an electronics reseller, and assemble the device yourself. Or you can obtain the parts, create the PCB, and assemble it yourself based with the schematic provided by Enttec on their website in downloads. While buying the PCB from Enttec may be convenient you need to be sure that, you are capable of soldering fine-pitch surface mount chips.

If you are not comfortable with that level of soldering then your final option is to create one yourself from Enttec’s schematic. To make this process easier I suggest you purchase [http://www.dlpdesign.com/usb/usb232.shtml DLP-USB232M USB Adapter] from DLP Design. This eliminates all the fine pitch soldering; all that needs to be added at that point is the 75176 transceiver, some resistors, and a LED. (basically all the DMX specific circuitry) NOTE: The author of this article chose this method and it works well.

Once the dongle has arrived or is complete, you need to install the [http://www.enttec.com/dmx_usb/d2xx_setup.exe FTDI drivers] prior to using it with Vixen.

===Vixen Setup===

Once the device is connected and the driver has been installed you can set Vixen up to output DMX to your dimmers. There are two parts to DMX transmission in Vixen – one part is the DMX-512 plug-in and the other is the DMX Add-in. The plug-in is the same as any other plug-in when using vixen. It needs to be added to the sequence and/or program you have created for the values to be sent to the dimmers.

Each channel in Vixen represents a channel in the DMX universe. Each channel on Vixen can vary from 0-100% intensity, which then controls the brightness of the lights connected to the DMX dimmer at that individual channel. If you wish to more precisely control the intensity of the lights, or if you want to use intelligent lighting fixtures or other effects such as lasers, you may wish to switch Vixen to the "actual intensity levels" mode instead of percentage mode by clicking the # button on the toolbar (available in Vixen 2.0 and up). This change is needed because Vixen automatically converts a percentage of brightness (such as 50%) to the DMX equivalent (50% brightness would be a DMX value of 128); some DMX fixtures need precise values, not an estimated value based on percentage. (For example, a DMX color changer may need an actual value of 1 to make red, 2 to make green, and 3 to make blue. It is necessary to use actual values, because the percentages will not match up, therefore making it impossible to accurately control the color.)

The DMX Add-in (not plug-in) has a different purpose: it is used to start and stop streaming DMX when Vixen is opened or closed. This streaming option can be found under ADD-INS, DMX. This add-in exists because DMX by design is a streaming protocol. DMX devices expect to see information streamed to them all the times, if they loss the stream they will automatically turn off. While this may not be an issue when creating or testing sequences, it becomes a major issue when running a program with multiple sequences. If this add-in is not enabled you will see a noticeable flicker between sequences within in your program. This is because DMX does not stream between sequences with this plug-in disabled.

The DMX Add-in is should be enabled when using a [[http://www.enttec.com/index.php?main_menu=Products&prod=70303&show=description&name=opendmxusb Enttec Open DMX USB dongle]] (or clone); "intelligent" dongles – such as the Enttec DMX USB Pro dongle, the [[http://diylightanimation.com/index.php?board=7.0 Lynx DMX dongle]], the [[http://shop.martinxmas.com/product.php?id_product=10 RPM dongle]] or the [[USB2DMX]] (Yada) dongle – handle their own streaming of DMX data and do not require the add-in to be enabled (and, in fact, enabling the add-in with those dongles causes problems).

===Start Programming===

That’s it, you are now controlling your DMX dimmers, snow machines, strobes, and more, all via Vixen. Happy DMXing!

==Going Beyond==

If you do the math based on my above example you will notice that if you adhere to the 32 device limit and use 4-channel dimmers you can only get 128 channels total. There is a way around this issue.

The 32 device limit is not a DMX limitation it is a limitation of the RS-485 transceivers. The older 75176 set a limit of 32 devices because beyond that point the data traveling down the line would start to deteriorate. Newer transceivers have published a limit of 128 devices. While this does solve the problem, most manufacturers use the older 75176.

To get around this hardware limit you need to introduce another piece of equipment. It is called an opto-splitter (also called repeater, splitter, booster); this device takes a single DMX-in and retransmits it to multiple DMX-outs (like a network hub). Let’s assume the opto-splitter has 5 DMX-outs. Each output of the opto-splitter can have up to 32 devices connected that’s a total of 160 devices all controlled from the same DMX source.

Opto-splitters have a second purpose; they allow you to send DMX to different locations. Let’s assume you have dimmers in the yard and dimmers on your roof. You could daisy chain all of them together or you could use an opto-splitter. Then you would have one DMX run going to the yard and all the yard dimmers would be daisy chained together. A second DMX run would go to the roof and all of those dimmers would be daisy chained together. Opto-splitters are available from any theatrical supplier; you won’t find them at your local music store. This is somewhat of a specialty item because most bands and DJs don’t generally go beyond the 32 device limit or need multiple runs of DMX from a single source. However, in a theater you regularly go beyond the 32 device limit or need DMX in different locations in the facility.

A new opto-splitter is extremely expensive! A one-in five-out splitter will cost about $800. However, they are inexpensive to make about $10-30 worth of parts. Whether you purchase or build, a good opto-splitter needs to have a couple of things. All of the outputs should be electrically isolated from the input and from each other via optical couplers. You also want to make sure that each output has its own transceiver and power supply. These things will protect your expensive equipment from electrical damage.

[http://www.chauvetlighting.com/fixtures/dmxsplitter_fix.shtml Premade inexpensive opto-splitter]

==Fun Stuff Controlled by DMX==

[http://www.dfd.com/fun.html Doug Fleenor Design]

==Links==

[http://www.dovesystems.com/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=30 DMX for Dummies]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Multiplex DMX from Wikipedia]

[http://www.dfd.com/whyterm.html Why terminate?]

[http://www.dfd.com/primer.html DMX-512 Primer (good read)]

[http://www.dmx512-online.com Ujjal's DMX512 Website]

[http://www.erwinrol.com/index.php?stagecraft/dmx.php DMX Protocol/Packet information]

[http://www.epanorama.net/links/lights.html Tons of Lighting links!]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_lighting Basics of Stage Lighting]

[http://www.erwinrol.com/index.php?stagecraft/dmx.php DMX Packet and Timing]

USB2DMX

2010-08-10T19:41:28Z

Dmcole: /* USB2DMX (aka YADA) */

= USB2DMX (aka YADA) =
The USB2DMX (which also goes by the name Yet Another DMX Adapter, or YADA), is a build-it-yourself project that provides connectivity between DMX controllers and the Vixen 2.1 lighting software. It was designed by Andrew Williams (LabRat) of Ottawa, Canada, in the spring and summer of 2010 and released to the community in September 2010.

Unlike other adapters in the do-it-yourself Christmas lights community, the USB2DMX is not plug compatible with the ENTTEC USB Pro – conversely, it costs almost 50 percent less than other adapters. This is achieved because of a one-chip design, where the main CPU handles both the USB input and the DMX output, simultaneously. Other designs, including the ENTTEC USB Pro, have one chipset handle the USB input and another chipset handle the DMX output.

Andrew's design leverages the work of Microchip Technology Inc. in using its chips for USB communications. The USB2DMX uses the PIC18F2455 and a handful of components to communicate between the user's PC running Vixen 2.1 and DMX controllers. The design supports full electrical isolation so that the PC is not directly connected to the controllers, insuring safety at both ends of the circuit.

In addition to not being ENTTEC Pro plug compatible, there are other compromises that must be made to achieve the USB2DMX's low cost: the device only works (as of its initial release) with the Vixen software; a special USB driver must be installed in the PC; the user is required to take a two-step process to burn the firmware into the microprocessor, and the user needs to make certain that three files are included in the Vixen plug-ins folder.

== Board building instructions ==
Go here.

== Software and firmware instructions ==
# Download the bootloader and the PIC firmware here.
# Using your favorite Microchip programming device (i.e.: Microchip PICkit2 or PICkit3), load the bootloader software into the PIC 18f2455.
# Remove the 18f2455 from the programming device and install it into your USB2DMX device.
# Download the Microchip USB software package here.
# Unzip the package, extract the application and install MCHPFSUSB_Setup_v1.3.exe as you would any Windows application. The software expects to install itself in the c: directory as c:\MCHPFSUSB\ ... if at all possible, please allow the installation here, as it will make the rest of these instructions easier to understand.
# Connect your USB2DMX to your PC using a USB-A/USB-B cable. There will be no "ding-dong" sound (called "USB enunciation") at this time. The yellow LED (DMX) will be lit.
# The Windows operating system on the PC will acknowledge that a new piece of hardware has been attached to the computer, that a driver is not present and offer you a driver-installer application. (In the event this does not happen, go to Control Panel -> Add hardware and double-click.)
# The Add Hardware Wizard might need some help in adding the USB2DMX: your USB2DMX is probably not going to be listed in "The following hardware is already installed on your computer" list, so scroll to the end and choose "Add a new hardware device."
# In the next window of the wizard, choose "Install the hardware that I manually selected from a list."
# Choose "Custom USB devices" from the list.
# Click on "Microchip Custom USB Device" and then click on the "Have disk" button. Click on the "Browse" button and navigate to c:\MCHPFSUSB\Pc\MCHPUSB Driver\Release and click OK.
# Click "Next" twice; the Wizard should install the driver and you should hear the "ding-dong" of the PC recognizing the USB2DMX on the USB bus.
# Launch the PICDEM FS USB Demo Tool at c:\MCHPFSUSB\Pc\Pdfsusb\PDFUSB
# Choose the "Microchip Custom USB Device" from the pull-down menu and click on the "Load HEX file" menu, navigating to the Yada_v2 file you downloaded in Step 1.
# The PICDEM FS USB Demo Tool will throw up an error window at this point; choose "Yes."
# Push the "Program Device" button and then quit PICDEM FS USB Demo Tool.
# At this point, both the PWR and DMX lights should be lit on the USB2DMX device.
# Go to the directory c:\MCHPFSUSB\Pc\Mpusbapi\Dll\Borland_C\ and copy the file mpusbapi.dll to your Vixen 2.1 plug-ins directory.
# Download the Vixen plugins from here; unzip the files and copy them to your Vixen 2.1 plug-ins directory.
# Your Vixen plug-ins directory should have at least these three files: Vixen_DmxRat.dll, Vixen_DmxRat.pdb, mpusbapi.dll.
# Launch Vixen 2.1 and create a new profile (Profiles -> Manage -> +); click on "Output plugins" and from the window "Available plugins" choose "DmxRat". Give the profile as many channels as you want, up to 512.
# Create a new sequence using the profile you just created. Connect a DMX device to your USB2DMX. Using the "Test channels" feature of Vixen, select all channels and raise and lower the channel intensity. Your DMX device should respond accordingly. The orange LED (USB) should flicker dimly.

=== Troubleshooting ===
* In development, the most frequent problem encountered was with the USB2DMX working up to the point of driving DMX devices, when it failed. This problem was easily fixed by unplugging the USB cable from the PC and plugging it into another USB port on the PC. Once the "ding-dong" was heard, the device always worked thereafter. If necessary, the USB cable can be moved back to the first USB port with no problem.

USB2DMX

2010-08-10T19:40:53Z

Dmcole: /* USB2DMX (aka YADA) */

= USB2DMX (aka YADA) =
The USB2DMX (which also goes by the name Yet Another DMX Adapter, or YADA), is a build-it-yourself project that provides connectivity between DMX controllers and the Vixen 2.1 lighting software. It was designed by Andrew Williams (LabRat) of Ottawa, Canada, in the spring and summer of 2010 and released to the community in September 2010.

Unlike other adapters, the USB2DMX is not plug compatible with the ENTTEC USB Pro – conversely, it costs almost 50 percent less than other adapters. This is achieved because of a one-chip design, where the main CPU handles both the USB input and the DMX output, simultaneously. Other designs, including the ENTTEC USB Pro, have one chipset handle the USB input and another chipset handle the DMX output.

Andrew's design leverages the work of Microchip Technology Inc. in using its chips for USB communications. The USB2DMX uses the PIC18F2455 and a handful of components to communicate between the user's PC running Vixen 2.1 and DMX controllers. The design supports full electrical isolation so that the PC is not directly connected to the controllers, insuring safety at both ends of the circuit.

In addition to not being ENTTEC Pro plug compatible, there are other compromises that must be made to achieve the USB2DMX's low cost: the device only works (as of its initial release) with the Vixen software; a special USB driver must be installed in the PC; the user is required to take a two-step process to burn the firmware into the microprocessor, and the user needs to make certain that three files are included in the Vixen plug-ins folder.

== Board building instructions ==
Go here.

== Software and firmware instructions ==
# Download the bootloader and the PIC firmware here.
# Using your favorite Microchip programming device (i.e.: Microchip PICkit2 or PICkit3), load the bootloader software into the PIC 18f2455.
# Remove the 18f2455 from the programming device and install it into your USB2DMX device.
# Download the Microchip USB software package here.
# Unzip the package, extract the application and install MCHPFSUSB_Setup_v1.3.exe as you would any Windows application. The software expects to install itself in the c: directory as c:\MCHPFSUSB\ ... if at all possible, please allow the installation here, as it will make the rest of these instructions easier to understand.
# Connect your USB2DMX to your PC using a USB-A/USB-B cable. There will be no "ding-dong" sound (called "USB enunciation") at this time. The yellow LED (DMX) will be lit.
# The Windows operating system on the PC will acknowledge that a new piece of hardware has been attached to the computer, that a driver is not present and offer you a driver-installer application. (In the event this does not happen, go to Control Panel -> Add hardware and double-click.)
# The Add Hardware Wizard might need some help in adding the USB2DMX: your USB2DMX is probably not going to be listed in "The following hardware is already installed on your computer" list, so scroll to the end and choose "Add a new hardware device."
# In the next window of the wizard, choose "Install the hardware that I manually selected from a list."
# Choose "Custom USB devices" from the list.
# Click on "Microchip Custom USB Device" and then click on the "Have disk" button. Click on the "Browse" button and navigate to c:\MCHPFSUSB\Pc\MCHPUSB Driver\Release and click OK.
# Click "Next" twice; the Wizard should install the driver and you should hear the "ding-dong" of the PC recognizing the USB2DMX on the USB bus.
# Launch the PICDEM FS USB Demo Tool at c:\MCHPFSUSB\Pc\Pdfsusb\PDFUSB
# Choose the "Microchip Custom USB Device" from the pull-down menu and click on the "Load HEX file" menu, navigating to the Yada_v2 file you downloaded in Step 1.
# The PICDEM FS USB Demo Tool will throw up an error window at this point; choose "Yes."
# Push the "Program Device" button and then quit PICDEM FS USB Demo Tool.
# At this point, both the PWR and DMX lights should be lit on the USB2DMX device.
# Go to the directory c:\MCHPFSUSB\Pc\Mpusbapi\Dll\Borland_C\ and copy the file mpusbapi.dll to your Vixen 2.1 plug-ins directory.
# Download the Vixen plugins from here; unzip the files and copy them to your Vixen 2.1 plug-ins directory.
# Your Vixen plug-ins directory should have at least these three files: Vixen_DmxRat.dll, Vixen_DmxRat.pdb, mpusbapi.dll.
# Launch Vixen 2.1 and create a new profile (Profiles -> Manage -> +); click on "Output plugins" and from the window "Available plugins" choose "DmxRat". Give the profile as many channels as you want, up to 512.
# Create a new sequence using the profile you just created. Connect a DMX device to your USB2DMX. Using the "Test channels" feature of Vixen, select all channels and raise and lower the channel intensity. Your DMX device should respond accordingly. The orange LED (USB) should flicker dimly.

=== Troubleshooting ===
* In development, the most frequent problem encountered was with the USB2DMX working up to the point of driving DMX devices, when it failed. This problem was easily fixed by unplugging the USB cable from the PC and plugging it into another USB port on the PC. Once the "ding-dong" was heard, the device always worked thereafter. If necessary, the USB cable can be moved back to the first USB port with no problem.

USB2DMX

2010-08-10T19:39:51Z

Dmcole: /* Troubleshooting */

= USB2DMX (aka YADA) =
The USB2DMX (which also goes by the name Yet Another DMX Adapter, or YADA), is a build-it-yourself project that provides connectivity between DMX controllers and the Vixen 2.1 lighting software. It was designed by Andrew Williams of Ottawa, Canada, in the spring and summer of 2010 and released to the community in September 2010.

Unlike other adapters, the USB2DMX is not plug compatible with the ENTTEC USB Pro – conversely, it costs almost 50 percent less than other adapters. This is achieved because of a one-chip design, where the main CPU handles both the USB input and the DMX output, simultaneously. Other designs, including the ENTTEC USB Pro, have one chipset handle the USB input and another chipset handle the DMX output.

Andrew's design leverages the work of Microchip Technology Inc. in using its chips for USB communications. The USB2DMX uses the PIC18F2455 and a handful of components to communicate between the user's PC running Vixen 2.1 and DMX controllers. The design supports full electrical isolation so that the PC is not directly connected to the controllers, insuring safety at both ends of the circuit.

In addition to not being ENTTEC Pro plug compatible, there are other compromises that must be made to achieve the USB2DMX's low cost: the device only works (as of its initial release) with the Vixen software; a special USB driver must be installed in the PC; the user is required to take a two-step process to burn the firmware into the microprocessor, and the user needs to make certain that three files are included in the Vixen plug-ins folder.

== Board building instructions ==
Go here.

== Software and firmware instructions ==
# Download the bootloader and the PIC firmware here.
# Using your favorite Microchip programming device (i.e.: Microchip PICkit2 or PICkit3), load the bootloader software into the PIC 18f2455.
# Remove the 18f2455 from the programming device and install it into your USB2DMX device.
# Download the Microchip USB software package here.
# Unzip the package, extract the application and install MCHPFSUSB_Setup_v1.3.exe as you would any Windows application. The software expects to install itself in the c: directory as c:\MCHPFSUSB\ ... if at all possible, please allow the installation here, as it will make the rest of these instructions easier to understand.
# Connect your USB2DMX to your PC using a USB-A/USB-B cable. There will be no "ding-dong" sound (called "USB enunciation") at this time. The yellow LED (DMX) will be lit.
# The Windows operating system on the PC will acknowledge that a new piece of hardware has been attached to the computer, that a driver is not present and offer you a driver-installer application. (In the event this does not happen, go to Control Panel -> Add hardware and double-click.)
# The Add Hardware Wizard might need some help in adding the USB2DMX: your USB2DMX is probably not going to be listed in "The following hardware is already installed on your computer" list, so scroll to the end and choose "Add a new hardware device."
# In the next window of the wizard, choose "Install the hardware that I manually selected from a list."
# Choose "Custom USB devices" from the list.
# Click on "Microchip Custom USB Device" and then click on the "Have disk" button. Click on the "Browse" button and navigate to c:\MCHPFSUSB\Pc\MCHPUSB Driver\Release and click OK.
# Click "Next" twice; the Wizard should install the driver and you should hear the "ding-dong" of the PC recognizing the USB2DMX on the USB bus.
# Launch the PICDEM FS USB Demo Tool at c:\MCHPFSUSB\Pc\Pdfsusb\PDFUSB
# Choose the "Microchip Custom USB Device" from the pull-down menu and click on the "Load HEX file" menu, navigating to the Yada_v2 file you downloaded in Step 1.
# The PICDEM FS USB Demo Tool will throw up an error window at this point; choose "Yes."
# Push the "Program Device" button and then quit PICDEM FS USB Demo Tool.
# At this point, both the PWR and DMX lights should be lit on the USB2DMX device.
# Go to the directory c:\MCHPFSUSB\Pc\Mpusbapi\Dll\Borland_C\ and copy the file mpusbapi.dll to your Vixen 2.1 plug-ins directory.
# Download the Vixen plugins from here; unzip the files and copy them to your Vixen 2.1 plug-ins directory.
# Your Vixen plug-ins directory should have at least these three files: Vixen_DmxRat.dll, Vixen_DmxRat.pdb, mpusbapi.dll.
# Launch Vixen 2.1 and create a new profile (Profiles -> Manage -> +); click on "Output plugins" and from the window "Available plugins" choose "DmxRat". Give the profile as many channels as you want, up to 512.
# Create a new sequence using the profile you just created. Connect a DMX device to your USB2DMX. Using the "Test channels" feature of Vixen, select all channels and raise and lower the channel intensity. Your DMX device should respond accordingly. The orange LED (USB) should flicker dimly.

=== Troubleshooting ===
* In development, the most frequent problem encountered was with the USB2DMX working up to the point of driving DMX devices, when it failed. This problem was easily fixed by unplugging the USB cable from the PC and plugging it into another USB port on the PC. Once the "ding-dong" was heard, the device always worked thereafter. If necessary, the USB cable can be moved back to the first USB port with no problem.

USB2DMX

2010-08-10T19:37:21Z

Dmcole: /* Software and firmware instructions */

= USB2DMX (aka YADA) =
The USB2DMX (which also goes by the name Yet Another DMX Adapter, or YADA), is a build-it-yourself project that provides connectivity between DMX controllers and the Vixen 2.1 lighting software. It was designed by Andrew Williams of Ottawa, Canada, in the spring and summer of 2010 and released to the community in September 2010.

Unlike other adapters, the USB2DMX is not plug compatible with the ENTTEC USB Pro – conversely, it costs almost 50 percent less than other adapters. This is achieved because of a one-chip design, where the main CPU handles both the USB input and the DMX output, simultaneously. Other designs, including the ENTTEC USB Pro, have one chipset handle the USB input and another chipset handle the DMX output.

Andrew's design leverages the work of Microchip Technology Inc. in using its chips for USB communications. The USB2DMX uses the PIC18F2455 and a handful of components to communicate between the user's PC running Vixen 2.1 and DMX controllers. The design supports full electrical isolation so that the PC is not directly connected to the controllers, insuring safety at both ends of the circuit.

In addition to not being ENTTEC Pro plug compatible, there are other compromises that must be made to achieve the USB2DMX's low cost: the device only works (as of its initial release) with the Vixen software; a special USB driver must be installed in the PC; the user is required to take a two-step process to burn the firmware into the microprocessor, and the user needs to make certain that three files are included in the Vixen plug-ins folder.

== Board building instructions ==
Go here.

== Software and firmware instructions ==
# Download the bootloader and the PIC firmware here.
# Using your favorite Microchip programming device (i.e.: Microchip PICkit2 or PICkit3), load the bootloader software into the PIC 18f2455.
# Remove the 18f2455 from the programming device and install it into your USB2DMX device.
# Download the Microchip USB software package here.
# Unzip the package, extract the application and install MCHPFSUSB_Setup_v1.3.exe as you would any Windows application. The software expects to install itself in the c: directory as c:\MCHPFSUSB\ ... if at all possible, please allow the installation here, as it will make the rest of these instructions easier to understand.
# Connect your USB2DMX to your PC using a USB-A/USB-B cable. There will be no "ding-dong" sound (called "USB enunciation") at this time. The yellow LED (DMX) will be lit.
# The Windows operating system on the PC will acknowledge that a new piece of hardware has been attached to the computer, that a driver is not present and offer you a driver-installer application. (In the event this does not happen, go to Control Panel -> Add hardware and double-click.)
# The Add Hardware Wizard might need some help in adding the USB2DMX: your USB2DMX is probably not going to be listed in "The following hardware is already installed on your computer" list, so scroll to the end and choose "Add a new hardware device."
# In the next window of the wizard, choose "Install the hardware that I manually selected from a list."
# Choose "Custom USB devices" from the list.
# Click on "Microchip Custom USB Device" and then click on the "Have disk" button. Click on the "Browse" button and navigate to c:\MCHPFSUSB\Pc\MCHPUSB Driver\Release and click OK.
# Click "Next" twice; the Wizard should install the driver and you should hear the "ding-dong" of the PC recognizing the USB2DMX on the USB bus.
# Launch the PICDEM FS USB Demo Tool at c:\MCHPFSUSB\Pc\Pdfsusb\PDFUSB
# Choose the "Microchip Custom USB Device" from the pull-down menu and click on the "Load HEX file" menu, navigating to the Yada_v2 file you downloaded in Step 1.
# The PICDEM FS USB Demo Tool will throw up an error window at this point; choose "Yes."
# Push the "Program Device" button and then quit PICDEM FS USB Demo Tool.
# At this point, both the PWR and DMX lights should be lit on the USB2DMX device.
# Go to the directory c:\MCHPFSUSB\Pc\Mpusbapi\Dll\Borland_C\ and copy the file mpusbapi.dll to your Vixen 2.1 plug-ins directory.
# Download the Vixen plugins from here; unzip the files and copy them to your Vixen 2.1 plug-ins directory.
# Your Vixen plug-ins directory should have at least these three files: Vixen_DmxRat.dll, Vixen_DmxRat.pdb, mpusbapi.dll.
# Launch Vixen 2.1 and create a new profile (Profiles -> Manage -> +); click on "Output plugins" and from the window "Available plugins" choose "DmxRat". Give the profile as many channels as you want, up to 512.
# Create a new sequence using the profile you just created. Connect a DMX device to your USB2DMX. Using the "Test channels" feature of Vixen, select all channels and raise and lower the channel intensity. Your DMX device should respond accordingly. The orange LED (USB) should flicker dimly.

=== Troubleshooting ===
* In development, the most frequent problem encountered was with the USB2DMX working up to the point of driving DMX devices, when it failed. This problem was easily fixed by unplugging the USB cable from the PC and plugging it into another USB port on the PC. Once the "ding-dong" was heard, the device always worked thereafter. If necessary, the USB cable could be moved back to the first USB port with no problem.

USB2DMX

2010-08-10T19:05:14Z

Dmcole: /* Software and firmware instructions */