Power Supplies

Intro

When you're working with Pixels, Dumb RGB or any type of LEDs, they need to be run on DC voltage. To do that you will need to run some sort of power supply. There are many types you can use. A power supply converts high voltage AC power from your wall outlet (commonly 115VAC in North America) to a lower voltage DC current to drive your pixels. There are four main properties to a power supply:

• Waterproofing
  • Waterproof Supplies
  • Water Resistant Supplies
  • Non waterproof Supplies
• Input Voltage
  • 120 VAC (nominal)
  • 240VAC (nominal)
    • Multivoltage
• Output Voltage (common voltages used by pixels include)
  • 5VDC
  • 12VDC
• Output Current
  • Can be any number, based on your usage.

Since power supplies can put out a lot of power it is important to use a fuse on the output of the power supply. It is also critical to use the proper sized wire along with the power supply. The wrong size wire could be a safety hazard or could cause your pixels to not function properly due to excessive voltage drop in the wire.

Disclaimers

The standard disclaimers pertaining to the information contained on this wiki page are listed here.
THIS WIKI PAGE IS NOT COMPLETE YET AND HAS NOT BEEN CHECKED FOR ERRORS.

Power Supply Voltages

You must buy a power supply with the correct voltage to match your pixels and controller. Using the wrong voltage can destroy your pixels and controller by hooking them up even once to the wrong voltage!!

Once you decide on which of the Different Styles of Pixels you want to use, you also need to Choose a Pixel Voltage: 5V vs 12V. The choice comes down to the actual setup you are planning and their are advantages and disadvantages to each.

With 5v the voltage drop due to the wiring will be noticeable if you're trying to push the voltage for a long run. Most likely you will need to inject the power again or feed from the center of the pixel string. For every 50 pixels, you should re-inject the power. So a good example, if you have a 100ct pixels string you can connect the signal wires end to end, but you will either have to put the power at the center of the string to feed each side. or you will have to put a power source on either end. A 50ct pixel string will pull around 3amp (50x.06=3amp). So really finding smaller power supplies is a good thing to have if you have your pixels spread around the yard. If you have like a pixel megatree then you can do a large power supply to feed the whole tree. So bigger is not always better esp if your not power a lot of pixels close by.

12 volt is a bit different. You can push 12v further than 5v. So that does have its advantages and disadvantages. Most pixels strings are now available in 5VDC and 12VDC. 12VDC power supplies are typically more expensive per amp of current. Also many 12vdc strings waste a lot of power as heat and not light, so they are not as efficient as 5VDC strings.

You can add a low cost voltmeter in your enclosure to monitor the voltage output from your power supply. They are available here and here or here.

Power Supply Current

You need to choose your power supply based on the voltage required by your pixels and the current that is consumed by the pixels. You can always chose a power supply with a higher current rating then your planned usage.

The current rating of a power supply is a measure of how much current is available at the output voltage of the power supply. For example:

• A 300W Power supply that is designed for 5VDC output can supply up to 60A of current at 5VDC. The input voltage for many of these supplies is commonly 115VAC and would draw about 2.6A of current from the wall outlet. You do not have to use all 60A of DC power, you can use less.

A common practice is to only use a power supply at 80% of its rated capacity. For example:

• If a power supply is rated for up to 60A, you do not want to put more than a (60*0.8)= 48A worth of load on that power supply.

Since typical LEDs draw 20ma (0.02A) each, and a Pixel or Dumb RGB has three LEDs inside (R,G,B), then a general rule of thumb is that each pixel will draw 60ma (0.06A) of current. To calculate the total current you will need, you must count the number of pixels you plan to power from that power supply. For example:

• If you are using 50 pixels, you will need (50*0.06A)= 3A of current.
• If you are using 800 pixels, you will need (800*0.06A)= 48A of current!! (and some big wire too)

Some 12VDC pixels draw less current, check with you vendor to confirm their current draw. Voltage, Current and Power are electrical properties of electronic circuits that are related to each other by Ohm's Law. Power = Voltage * Current

Waterproof Power Supplies

Waterproof power supplies are really nice in the sense that you do not have to really worry about moisture as much as a non waterproofed power supply. Before placing a "waterproof" power supply in a weather exposed area, check it's IP rating to determine what level of protection is required. You should still put it in some sort of shelter just to be safe. These are a little more pricey than a standard switch mode power supply but alot less headache. They come in a variety of sizes so you will have to choose what will work best for you.

It is common to use waterproof power supplies with waterproof connections.

Examples of Waterproof Power Supplies available from different vendors

PLEASE CONFIRM ALL DETAILS WITH VENDOR BEFORE ORDERING!! ALL OF THIS DATA IS SUBJECT TO CONSTANT CHANGE AND MAY BE WRONG!!!
Pricing is in US $. Pricing is as of 6-24-13.
PRICING DOES NOT INCLUDE SHIPPING, TAXES OR IMPORT DUTIES!
Shipping from overseas can be expensive, check with your vendor.

Vendor	Type	Input Voltage	Output Voltage	Output Current	Link	Image	Price	Price per Amp	Size (HxWxL)	Note
5VDC
DIYLEDEXPRESS	60W Waterproof Switching Mode	90-130VAC	5VDC	12A	link		$20.75	$1.73	45mm x 67mm x 175mm	Cable;VDE BVVB,200MM Long
Ray Wu	60W Waterproof Switching Mode	90-250 VAC	5VDC	12A	link		$12.63	$1.05	45mm x 67mm x 175mm	IP68
12VDC
Holiday Coro (US Based)	45W Waterproof Switching Mode	100-130 VAC	12VDC	3.75A	w/o Cord With Cord		$12.39	$3.30	1"x1.2"x9.7"	IP68
Ray Wu	60W Waterproof Switching Mode	85 - 264 VAC	12VDC	5A	link		$12.63	$2.53	45mm x 67mm x 175mm	IP68
24VDC
DIYLEDEXPRESS	100W Waterproof Switching Mode	110 VAC	24VDC	4A	link		$28.75	$7.19	45mm x 67mm x 210mm	IP68

Water Resistant Power Supplies

Water Resistant/Rain Proof Power Supplies in the middle area between a full waterproof power supply and a non-water proof power supply. Typically they can withstand rain and other common weather elements but are not intended to be submerged into water or placed directly on exposed earth and cost less on a per-watt basis than fully water proof units but don't require the additional cost of waterproofing for non-waterproof power supplies.

Examples of Water Resistant / Rain Proof Power Supplies available from different vendors

Vendor	Type	Input Voltage	Output Voltage	Output Current	Link	Image	Size (HxWxL)	Note
HolidayCoro (US Based)	300W Rain Proof Switch Mode	100-130VAC	5VDC	60A	link		2.3" H x 4.5" W x 10.4" L	Aluminium housing, 3 output leads, mounting tabs
HolidayCoro (US Based)	400W Rain Proof Switch Mode	100-130VAC	12VDC	33A	link		2.3" H x 4.5" W x 10.4" L	Aluminium housing, 3 output leads, mounting tabs

Non Waterproof Power Supplies

Since they are not rated as waterproof, you must use these supply in some form of enclosure if you want to use these outside to power your DC LEDs. There are many types of Enclosures that you can mount your power supply inside of including the [CG-1500] provide a large enclosure that you can mount both a power supply and a controller inside of. Most of the supplies have a small adjustment potentiometer that you can use to adjust the voltage output slightly.

Non-Waterproof Power Supplie

PRICING DOES NOT INCLUDE SHIPPING, TAXES OR IMPORT DUTIES!
Shipping from overseas can be expensive, check with your vendor.

Vendor	Type	Input Voltage	Output Voltage	Output Current	Link	Image	Price	Price per Amp	Size (HxWxL)	Note
5VDC
DIYLEDEXPRESS	300W Switching Mode	100V~120 VAC	5VDC	60A	link		$27.75	$0.46	49mm x 114mm x 226mm	Fan Cooled
Holiday Coro (US Based)	350W Switching Mode	100-240 VAC	5VDC	60A	In-Stock		$23.99	$0.39	2"x4.5"x8.5"	Temperature Controlled Fan Optional Mounting Adapters 1 Year Warranty
Ray Wu	350W Switching Mode	85 - 264 VAC	5VDC	60A	link		$20.00	$0.33	50mmx115mmx215mm	Fan Cooled
12VDC
DIYLEDEXPRESS	360W Switching Mode	100V~120 VAC	12VDC	30A	link		$27.75	$0.93	50mm x 112mm x 214mm	Fan Cooled
Holiday Coro (US Based)	350W Switching Mode	100-240 VAC	12VDC	29A	In-Stock		$23.99	$0.39	2"x4.5"x8.5"	Temperature Controlled Fan Optional Mounting Adapters 1 Year Warranty
Ray Wu	350W Switching Mode	85 - 264 VAC	12VDC	29A	link		$20.00	$0.69	50mm x 115mm x 215mm	Fan Cooled
24VDC
DIYLEDEXPRESS	200W Switching Mode	100V~120 VAC	24VDC	8A	link		$28.00	$3.50	50mm x 112mm x 214mm	Fan Cooled

Converting ATX Power Supplies from a PC

One common low cost way to generate +5VDC and +12VDC is to convert an old used PC power supply that you have salvaged from an unused PC. Since these power supplies were designed to work inside of a PC, you need to come up with an enclosure to mount them in. There are many types of Enclosures that you can mount your power supply inside of including the [CG-1500] which can provide a large enough enclosure that you can mount both a power supply and a controller inside of. There are numerous plans available on the internet showing you how to convert ATX PC Power Supplies. PC power supplies need to have a jumper applied to them to have them power up properly when not in a PC, they may also require a load resistor to keep them stable and operating. For more information see:

• Murray State
• Mad Science Notebook
• Instructables
• Wikihow
• Sparkfun Breakout Board

ATX Power Connector Pinout:

Converting Server Power Supplies

Click here for more information about converting server rack power supplies.

Wall Warts

Wall warts have limitations and are difficult to try to run pixels off of. First off most are too small to supply enough amperage. Also they do not supply very clean or stable power to the pixels. Your best bet is to stay way from them.

DC - DC Converters

If you already have a DC Power supply at a different voltage from what you need, you can use a DC - DC Voltage Converter to either raise (Boost Converter) or lower (Buck Converter) the voltage to a different voltage. Generally these devices are limited to a few Amps (<3-5A) of current. You can purchase these devices on Ebay.com, DX.com, Allliexpress.com or other electronic parts vendors.

Buck Converter

Buck Converters are used to drop a higher voltage to a lower voltage. A common use would be to drop the output of a 12VDC power supply down to 5VDC. A Buck Converter is highly efficient (>95%) and generally does not need a heat sink which a Linear Regulator like a LM7805 would require. Examples devices are here, here or here.

Boost Converter

Boost Converters are used to raise a lower voltage to a higher voltage. A common use would be to raise the output from a 5VDC power supply to 12VDC. Boost Converters are also highly efficient (>95%). Because they convert power from one voltage to another, the current consumed at the lower voltage is higher then the current supplied at the higher voltage. Ohm's Law defines the relationship between Power = Voltage * I (current) Example devices are here or here.

Power Supply Connections

Power supplies generally have screw terminals or wires from the power supply that you can connect to your controllers. Your power supply may vary, but common markings include:

Typical Power Supply Connections
Label
	Connection
L - Line	Connects to the Hot side of 115VAC power cord(Black wire)
N - Neutral	Connects to the Neutral side of 115VAC power cord (White wire)
Gnd - Ground -	Connects to the Ground wire of 115VAC power cord (Green wire)
V+	Positive voltage output to Controllers
V- (COM)	Negative voltage output to Controllers

For a good discussion about potential safety benefits of tying the V- terminal to the GND (earth ground) terminal click here.

Using Fuses and Fuseholders

DC Power Supplies are capable of putting out hundreds of watts of power and causing serious damage, always use properly sized fuse for safety! Due to the very high current that many power supplies are capable of putting out (>60A) it is a good design concept to use a heavy gauge wire inline fuse holder between the power supply and the controller hookup. The large gauge wire will minimize any voltage drop that may occur in the wire due to high current. The fuse is a safety factor to prevent the full power from the power supply from discharging thru a short circuit and potentially causing a fire. The correct size fuse rating should be selected based on the expected power usage of the units hooked up to the power supply. It is common to use large gauge > 10-14 AWG wire to connect power supplies with high count pixel controllers like the E682.

• Fuses should be installed in several places:
  • Install AC line fuses between your wall outlet and your Power Supplies
  • Install Fuses between Power Supplies and Controllers
  • Install Fuses between Controllers and Pixels or LEDs (If output fuses are not installed on the Controllers)
  • Install Fuses between Power Supplies and Power Injection Wiring.
  • Install Fuses anywhere you join a larger wire to a smaller wire for power distribution.

Fuseholders

Mouser.com carries several inline weather resistant DC fuseholders that take automotive blade style fuses both ATC and Mini style fuses. You can also find similar fuseholders at Radio Shack, your local auto parts store, Lowes, Ebay, or DX.com. A 30A ATC fuseholder with 10AWG wire is avaialble on Amazon.

Number of Channels (*)

Fuseholders
Current Rating Up to	Wire Size	Fuse Type	Mouser Part #
30A	12AWG	ATC	441-R347A-GR
30A	12AWG	ATC	576-FHAC0002ZXJ
20A	14AWG	ATC	441-R347B-GR
10A	18AWG	ATC	441-R359D-GR
30A	12AWG	Mini	441-R360A-gr
20A	14AWG	Mini	441-R360B-GR
10A	18AWG	Mini	441-R360D-GR

Fuse blocks

There are also fuseblocks sold that allow for fusing your power injection wires at one common location. Here are examples of 10 Fuse 6 fuse fuse blocks. There are also a number of fuse blocks / power distribution solutions that are designed for pixel use;

• Crocket Fantasy of lights 4 and 8 channel boards
• Falcon f-8 Distro Board
• Holiday lighting 4 output Power Pops Fanout - 1 Input with 4 Outputs

Fuses

Fuses come in two general types:

• AC Fuses to protect equipment plunged in wall outlets (110VAC)
• DC Automotive style fuses to protect wiring and components connected to the DC power supplies.
  

Automotive style blade fuses come in two types:

• ATC and ATO fuses are available with ratings of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40A.
  
• Mini fuses are available with ratings of 2, 3, 4, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30A.

Fuse Color Coding

Blade fuses use a common coloring scheme for the Mini and ATC/ATO styles.

Color	Current Rating (Amps)
Black	1 A
Gray	2 A
Violet	3 A
Pink	4 A
Tan	5 A
Brown	7.5 A
Red	10 A
Blue	15 A
Yellow	20 A
Clear	25 A
Green	30 A
Blue-green	35 A
Orange	40 A

Choosing a Fuse Size

Choose the fuse and fuseholder based on the maximum current that you expect from your Pixels to draw thru the smallest section of wiring. Choosing the correct fuse size can be a complicated matter with many options. For more detailed information about fuse size or selection look here , here , here and here.

Many Pixel Controllers like the E682, E6804 and the Renard PX1 have separate output fuses connected to each output connector already on the controller. A common rating for those fuses are 5A. They are generally Mini fuses.

You MUST use a fuse between high current power supplies and your pixel controller to protect the wiring between the power supply and the pixel controller input.

General Fuse Rules:
*FUSES ARE NOT OPTIONAL, THEY MUST BE USED TO PROTECT PEOPLE AND PROPERTY FROM DANGEROUS CONDITIONS!
*According to Littlefuse: "Always follow NEC guidelines for applying low-voltage fuses. Generally, the MINIMUM fuse size should be based on 125% of the circuits full load current. Time-delay fuses should be used for inductive loads and fast-acting fuses used to protect non-inductive loads."
*The maximum fuse rating should not exceed 1/2 of the maximum current capability of the smallest wire protected by the fuse.
*Fuses should be placed as close to the power source as possible.
*Fuse ratings need to be adjusted for temperature and number of conductors in a wiring bundle.
*Never install a fuse with a larger amp rating than specified for the fuse holder.
* According to the NEC the maximum fuse size for the following wire sizes are:
** 18 AWG Copper Wire 7A
** 16 AWG Copper Wire 10A
** 14 AWG Copper Wire 15A
** 12 AWG Copper Wire 20A
** 10 AWG Copper Wire 30A
CHECK WITH AN ELECTRICIAN TO CONFIRM THE APPROPRIATE FUSE RATINGS AND WIRE SIZES!

Fuses work by melting the internal element based on the current flowing through the fuse. The time it takes for a fuse to open is dependent upon the amount of current that flows through the fuse and it's rating. The more you exceed the fuse rating by drawing higher current through the fuse, the faster it will blow.

Number of Channels (*)

Fuse Characteristics ATO Fuse Littelfuse
% of Fuse Rating	Current Rating	Minimum Opening Time	Maximum Opening Time
100%	35-40A	100 Hours	-
110%	1-30A	100 Hours	-
135%	1-2A 3-40A	0.5 Seconds 0.75 Seconds	10 Minutes 10 Minutes
200%	1-2A 3-40A	0.1 Seconds 0.15 Seconds	5 Seconds 5 Seconds
350%	1-2A 3-40A	0.02 Seconds 0.08 Seconds	0.5 Seconds 0.5 Seconds
600%	1-30A 35-40A	- -	0.1 Seconds 0.15 Seconds

Example: A 5A fuse that has 6.75A (135% of rating) flowing through it, will open in sometime between 0.75 Seconds and 10 Minutes.

Wire Sizing in Pixel Systems

In high current and low voltage systems like Pixels and Dumb RGB it is critical to use the SHORTEST length of THICK (low gauge) wire to minimize voltage drop. Wire like Cat5 is just to thin for most uses.

It is desirable to use the largest wire diameter (smaller wire gauge AWG) that you can when connecting your pixels to your controller. The higher wire gauge results in a higher voltage drop and can cause your pixels to have poor colors or to not function at all. The voltage drop is caused by the resistance in the wire and is calculated by Ohm's Law. This is a good thread that discusses voltage drop. This is a Voltage Drop Calculator useful for calculating the effects of different wire sizes and lengths on pixel strings as well as pixel spacing and wire used in the strings themselves..

The voltage drop occurs in three major areas:

• Power wires from the Power Supply to the Pixel Controller
• Power wires from the Pixel Controller to the Pixel string/strip
• Power wires in the Pixel string/strip

A simple example is how you choose the right size wire between the Pixel Controller and the Pixel string/strip. You can use the data from the table below to estimate your voltage drop based on the current and wire gauge you will be using. For example:

1. What is the voltage drop for a string of 5VDC pixels that draw 3A that have a 10ft length of Cat 5 Wire (24 gauge) between the beginning of the string and the controller?
   The total resistance of the wire would be (10 foot)*(25.67x10^-3) = 0.2567 ohms, but since the current goes down one wire and returns on the second wire, you need to double the resistance, so the total loop resistance is 0.5134 ohms.
   By Ohm's Law we know that V=IR, so the voltage drop is V = (3A) * (0.5134 ohms) = 1.5402 V So instead of your pixels getting 5V they are only getting 5 - 1.5402 = 3.4598V a drop of 31%! Your pixels would not work ...
2. What is the voltage drop for the same string of pixels that have a 10ft length of 22 gauge wire between the beginning of the string and the controller?
   The total resistance of the wire would be (10 foot)*(16.14x10^-3) = 0.1614 ohms, but since the current goes down one wire and returns on the second wire, you need to double the resistance, so the total loop resistance is 0.3228 ohms.
   By Ohm's Law we know that V=IR, so the voltage drop is V = (3A) * (0.3228 ohms) = 0.9684 V So instead of your pixels getting 5V they are only getting 5 - 0.9684 = 4.0316V a drop of 20%! Getting better, but still not good.
3. What is the voltage drop for the same string of 5VDC pixels that have a 10ft length of 18 gauge wire between the beginning of the string and the controller?
   The total resistance of the wire would be (10 foot)*(6.39x10^-3) = 0.0639 ohms, but since the current goes down one wire and returns on the second wire, you need to double the resistance, so the total loop resistance is 0.1278 ohms.
   By Ohm's Law we know that V=IR, so the voltage drop is V = (3A) * (0.1278 ohms) = 0.3834 V So instead of your pixels getting 5V they are only getting 5 - 0.3834 = 4.6166V a drop of only 8%! That may work for short strings of pixels.
4. What is the voltage drop for the same string of 5VDC pixels that have a 5ft length of 18 gauge wire between the beginning of the string and the controller?
   The total resistance of the wire would be (5 foot)*(6.39x10^-3) = 0.0320 ohms, but since the current goes down one wire and returns on the second wire, you need to double the resistance, so the total loop resistance is 0.0640 ohms.
   By Ohm's Law we know that V=IR, so the voltage drop is V = (3A) * (0.0640 ohms) = 0.1917 V So instead of your pixels getting 5V they are only getting 5 - 0.1917 = 4.8083V a drop of only 4%! Short thick wires are the answer!

When you factor in the voltage drop due to the wire in the pixel strings themselves ( a harder calculation, use the calculator mentioned above) the final pixels at the end of the string may not have enough voltage to light or function properly.

A classic symptom of the voltage being too low at the end of a pixel string is the pixels may look Pink instead of White when turned on fully White. If the color of the first pixel in a string is different from the last pixel in the string, it is likely due to the voltage drop in the string and the wires supplying it. This is why folks often use Power Injection at the end of the pixel strings to boost the voltage to the pixels at the very end of the string. You should always use the largest diameter wire you have available (smaller gauge) to connect your pixels with the controller and to use for power injection.

If all you have is higher gauge wire, it is possible to double or triple up the wires (use 2 or 3 parallel wires for the V+ and Ground) to help reduce the effective wire resistance. You do need to fuse them separately.

Be careful to identify the material your wire is made of. Low cost wire is often "CCA" Copper Clad Aluminium. CCA wire has a higher resistance to electricity then pure copper wire. Because of the slightly higher resistance, the NEC requires using CCA wire that is two gauge sizes larger than what would normally be used with solid copper. So 18AWG CCA wire actually is similar in resistance to 20AWG Copper wire.

Common wire used for Pixels include larger gauge (10-18 AWG) Speaker wire, Security Alarm Wire, Low voltage landscaping wire, Sprinkler wire, SPT wire and various wire types available from the pixel vendors. You must pay attention to the wire size (thicker is better) and length (shorter is better) to ensure that the voltage drop over the wire is not excessive. Do not use thin wire (20-26 AWG) like Cat5 or Cat6 wire. The voltage drop over thin wire is often too high to allow the pixels to operate properly. Thin wire also is a safety hazard and can heat if too high a current is used on it.

The following data is from http://www.powerstream.com/Wire_Size.htm Load Carrying Capacities (see table below)

"The following chart is a guideline of ampacity or copper wire current carrying capacity following the Handbook of Electronic Tables and Formulas for American Wire Gauge. As you might guess, the rated ampacities are just a rule of thumb. In careful engineering the voltage drop, insulation temperature limit, thickness, thermal conductivity, and air convection and temperature should all be taken into account. The Maximum Amps for Power Transmission uses the 700 circular mils per amp rule, which is very very conservative. The Maximum Amps for Chassis Wiring is also a conservative rating, but is meant for wiring in air, and not in a bundle. For short lengths of wire, such as is used in battery packs you should trade off the resistance and load with size, weight, and flexibility. NOTE: For installations that need to conform to the National Electrical Code, you must use their guidelines. Contact your local electrician to find out what is legal! "

Number of Channels (*)

Properties of Copper Conductors
AWG Gauge	Conductor Diameter Inches	Conductor Diameter mm	Ohms per foot	Ohms per meter	Maximum Amps for Chassis Wiring	Maximum Amps for Transmission
8	0.1285	3.2639	0.63x10-3	2.06x10-3	73	24
10	0.1019	2.58826	1.00x10-3	3.28x10-3	55	15
12	0.0808	2.05232	1.59x10-3	5.21x10-3	41	9.3
14	0.0641	1.62814	2.53x10-3	8.28x10-3	32	5.9
16	0.0508	1.29032	4.02x10-3	13.17x10-3	22	3.7
18	0.0403	1.02362	6.39x10-3	20.94x10-3	16	2.3
20	0.032	0.8128	10.15x10-3	33.29x10-3	11	1.5
22	0.0254	0.64516	16.14x10-3	52.94x10-3	7	0.92
24	0.0201	0.51054	25.67x10-3	84.20x10-3	3.5	0.577
26	0.0159	0.40386	40.81x10-3	133.86x10-3	2.2	0.361

Click here for National Electric Code Table for Maximum current thru common wire types including SPT.

Related Links

Different Styles of Pixels
Controllers
Dumb RGB or Intelligent Pixels??
Things You Will Need To Get Started With Pixels
Pixel Wiring Colors
Pixel Connectors
Choosing a Pixel Voltage: 5V vs 12V
Power Injection
Waterproofing Pixels
Null Pixels
E1.31 Network Setup and Configuration